Leader appeal, leader performance, and the motive profiles of leaders and followers: A study of American presidents and elections.

Abstract

Three leader trait and leader-follower interaction models of leader appeal and leader performance are evaluated with data about the motive profiles of American presidents and American society, in both cases measured at a distance. Presidential appeal, defined in terms of electoral success, is significantly correlated with the congruence or match between the president's motive profile and that of his contemporary society. In contrast, presidential greatness, as rated by historians, as well as several important outcomes involving war and peace are associated with certain of the president's motives by themselves, but not with president-society congruence.

Effects of Implicit Power Motivation on Men's and Women's Implicit Learning and Testosterone Changes After Social Victory or Defeat.

“…Indeed, this flexibility of means-ends relationships is one of the hallmarks of motivation (LeDoux, 2002) and may account for why implicit power motivation often manifests itself in behaviors that are perceived as anything but dominant or aggressive (such as power-motivated individuals' use of illustrative gestures, raised eyebrows, and fluent speech in Schultheiss and Brunstein's, 2002, aforementioned study), but which are functional for bringing the power-motivated person closer to having impact (as reflected in the persuasive impact that power-motivated individuals' behaviors had on judges in Schultheiss and Brunstein's study). This "functionality principle" (Schultheiss & Brunstein, 2002) is also evident in the observation that power-motivated individuals often end up in high-status positions and make good leaders (McClelland & Boyatzis, 1982;Winter, 1987), an outcome that in most social groups and cultures cannot easily be achieved by intimidating or bullying others but instead requires considerable social skills (see, for instance, Driskell, Olmstead, & Salas, 1993;Ridgeway, 1987).…”

Alternative formulas to predict the greatness of U.S. presidents: Personological, situational, and zeitgeist factors.

“…Psychometrically sound estimates of presidents' standings on personality dimensions are not abundant, of course, but such scores can be taken from two notable sources: (a) Winter's (1987) estimates of presidents' power, achievement, and affiliation motives as determined from the content analysis of inaugural addresses and (b) Simonton's (1986b) assessments of presidential personality through biographical use of the Gough Adjective Check List. Height was also included in the current personological roster because it has frequently been related to leadership (e.g., Keyes, 1980) and correlates with presidential greatness (Simonton, 1981).…”

Motivos de sucesso, afiliação e poder: evidência confirmatória do constructo

“…Existe, todavia, alguma polêmica acerca das vantagens desse método face aos questionários (Atkinson, 1982;Atkinson & Birch, 1986;Fleming, 1982;McClelland, 1987;McClelland, Koestner & Weinberger, 1989;Schmalt, 1999;Smith, 1992;Sokolowski, Schmalt, Langens & Puca, 2000;Spangler, 1992;Weinberger & McClelland, 1990;Weiner, 1989;Winter & Stewart, 1977 McClelland et al, 1989;Mclelland, 1987;Weinberger & McClelland, 1990) procedem à distinção entre os motivos implícitos (medidos pelo TAT) e os motivos explícitos ou auto-atribuídos (medidos pelos questionários). Os primeiros, sendo inconscientes, refletem-se nas fantasias descritas pelos indivíduos quando são colocados perante as figuras ambíguas do TAT.…”