“…It is worth noting that effective leadership behaviour in addition to trust, mutual respect, and honest communication between nurse managers and subordinates are important for maintaining a professional practice environment with positive outcomes of safe and quality care, work engagement, job satisfaction, and increased productivity in the organization (Alkassabi et al, 2018; Field & Brown, 2019; Lei et al, 2022). On the other hand, toxic leadership in an organization is counterproductive (Jiang et al, 2017; Low et al, 2019; Yang, Liu, et al, 2017) as nurses who have experienced abusive or toxic leadership behaviour from nurse managers in the past reported decreased psychological empowerment (Lyu et al, 2019), job dissatisfaction (Senek et al, 2020), poor job performance (Zaghini et al, 2020), and an increased turnover intention from the profession and/or the organization (Lee et al, 2019).…”