“…From a political economy perspective, the maintenance of American primacy has been contingent on policing subversive social forces 'from below', including groups like al-Qaeda and the Islamic State, which threaten the reproduction of 'open doors' and 'closed frontiers' (that is, capitalist markets governed and protected by the system of sovereign, territorial states) in strategically important regions (Authors, in press;Blakeley 2018;Colas, 2008). Additionally, primacy's relational features mean it all but requires the leading actor to persistently protect its advantageous position visà-vis state rivals, even if its power-position grows more precarious (Acharya 2018, 2-3;Löfflmann 2015). As Agnew explains, '[p]rimacy depends in equal parts on successful competition and on subsequent recognition of that success by other states ' (2003, 67).…”