Leaf Penetration Pattern of<i>Aulacaspis tubercularis</i>(Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Stylet in Mango

Juárez-Hernández, Pablo; Váldez-Carrasco, Jorge; Valdovinos-Ponce, Guadalupe; Mora-Aguilera, José Antonio; Otero-Colina, Gabriel; Téliz-Ortiz, Daniel; Hernández-Castro, Elías; Ramírez-Ramírez, Iván; González-Hernández, Víctor A.

doi:10.1653/024.097.0114

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Similar research on Coccus viridis (Green) scale insect exhibited that the host plant with high nitrogen, potassium and organic compost amendments contain showed a more rapid development (Fernandes et al, 2012;Gonthier, Dominguez, Witter, Spongberg, & Philpott, 2013). Scale insects are phloem-sucking pest which pierce the host plant tissue with modified stylets until reaching the phloem vessels, from where they suck plant sap (Juárez-Hernández et al, 2014;Ross, Pen, & Shuker, 2010). Phloem feeders need to ingest large amount of sap to meet their nutritional requirements because phloem sap is rich in carbohydrates but poor in soluble nitrogen compounds (Malumphy, 1997).…”

confidence: 84%

Identification, Distribution and Abundance of Scale Insect Associate with Several Clones of Durian (Durio zibethinus Merr.)

Affandi¹,

Lististio

Santoso³

et al. 2019

Agrivita.J.Agr.Sci

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Durian contributes a high economic value in agribusiness of horticultural product. However, recently the attack of scale insect has devastated most of pre-production trees in Indonesia. A research with objective to know the basic information about the correct species, distribution and population abundance was done at Aripan Research Station of Indonesian Tropical Fruits Research Institute from July to August 2018. A proper identification and observation method were used to know the species identity, distribution and abundance of the insect. Biotic and abiotic factors in each clone such as nutrients content, tree morphological characteristic, light intensity, temperature and relative humidity under canopy were analysed. The result showed that Aulacaspis vitis Green was a scale insect identified associating with durian leaves. Clone Bintana and Sikapal were the most and the less preferred with the intensity of damage was 88.60 % and 38.30 %, respectively. Nutrient content especially nitrogen and water as well as canopy morphology were simultaneously the most contributed in the preference of a certain clone. The pest was preferred to clump in the East cardinal direction and no significant difference between upper and lower part of the tree including within and outside of the canopy.

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confidence: 84%

Identification, Distribution and Abundance of Scale Insect Associate with Several Clones of Durian (Durio zibethinus Merr.)

Affandi¹,

Lististio

Santoso³

et al. 2019

Agrivita.J.Agr.Sci

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“…The crawlers are mobile and disperse over the host plant to find a suitable place to settle on. Once settled, they insert their stylets into the plant tissue and start feeding (Juarez‐Hernandez et al, 2014). Female crawlers are randomly established on leaves, stems or on the fruits where they feed (Del Pino et al, 2020).…”

Section: Pest Categorisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pest categorisation of Aulacaspis tubercularis

Bragard¹,

Baptista²,

Chatzivassiliou³

et al. 2022

EFS2

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The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Aulacaspis tubercularis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), the white mango scale, for the EU. A. tubercularis is a tropical species that originates from Asia but is now established in several tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. It also occurs within the EU and is established in Italy, Portugal and Spain. A. tubercularis is not listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. It is polyphagous, feeding on plants in more than 37 genera in 23 families and is most frequently reported on mango (Mangifera indica). Indeed, it is considered one of the key pests of mango crops around the world. No evidence was found indicating damage to crops other than mango. A. tubercularis is established in southern Spain (Andalusia) with four overlapping generations and two population peaks, one in summer and another in autumn. Andalusia is the main mango producing area of the EU and A. tubercularis can cause losses through downgrading of fruit. The main natural dispersal stage is the first instar, which crawls over the host plant or may be dispersed further by wind and animals. Plants for planting and fruits provide potential pathways for further entry and spread. Climatic conditions and availability of host plants in southern EU countries are conducive for establishment. Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of further entry and further spread. A. tubercularis satisfies the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest.

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“…Hemipterans are quite capable of fine control of the probing process, as observed from stylet paths within plant tissues that resemble those of ovipositor insertions ( Fig. 3D-F) (Leopold et al, 2003;Juárez-Hernández et al, 2014). Due to the diversity in length and connections between stylets in hemipterans, various steering methods have been hypothesised (Pollard, 1969).…”

Section: (B) Hemipteransmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pp, pith parenchyma. (E, F) Hemipteran Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) probing a mango leaf(Juárez-Hernández et al, 2014). (E) Compilation of multiple high-resolution micrographs of stylet insertion (marked with a black line) through a mango leaf cleared with sodium hypochlorite Scale not given in original publication.…”

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confidence: 99%

Functional principles of steerable multi‐element probes in insects

et al. 2018

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Hemipterans, mosquitoes, and parasitic wasps probe in a variety of substrates to find hosts for their larvae or food sources. Probes capable of sensing and precise steering enable insects to navigate through solid substrates without visual information and to reach targets that are hidden deep inside the substrate. The probes belong to non‐related taxa and originate from abdominal structures (wasps) or mouthparts (hemipterans and mosquitoes), but nevertheless share several morphological characteristics. Although the transport function clearly differs (egg laying and acquisition of liquid food), the functional demands on the mechanical behaviour of the probe within the substrate tend to be similar. The probe needs to be thin to limit substrate deformation, and long, in order to attain substantial path lengths or depths. We linked the morphology across taxa to the different functional requirements, to provide insights into the biology of probing insects and the evolution of their probes. Current knowledge of insect probes is spread over many taxa, which offers the possibility to derive general characteristics of insect probing. Buckling during initial puncturing is limited by external support mechanisms. The probe itself consist of multiple (3–6) parts capable of sliding along one another. This multi‐part construction presumably enables advancement and precise three‐dimensional steering of the probe through the substrate with very low net external pushing forces, preventing buckling during substrate penetration. From a mechanical viewpoint, a minimum of three elements is required for 3D steering and volumetric exploration, as realised in the ovipositors of wasps. More elements, such as in six‐element probes of mosquitoes, may enhance friction in soft substrates. Alternatively, additional elements can have functions other than ‘drilling’, such as saliva injection in mosquitoes. Despite the gross similarities, probes show differences in their cross sections, tip morphologies, relative lengths of their elements, and the shape of their interconnections. The hypothesis is that the probe morphology is influenced by the substrate properties, which are mostly unknown. Correlating the observed diversity to substrate‐specific functional demands is therefore currently impossible. We conclude that a multipart probe with sliding elements is highly effective for volumetric substrate probing. Shared functional demands have led to an evolutionary convergence of slender multi‐element probes in disparate insect taxa. To fully understand 3D probing, it is necessary to study the sensory and material properties, as well as the detailed kinematics and dynamics of the various probes in relation to the nature of the selective pressure originating from the species‐specific substrates. Such knowledge will deepen our understanding of probing mechanisms and may support the development of slender, bio‐inspired probes.

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Leaf Penetration Pattern ofAulacaspis tubercularis(Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Stylet in Mango

Cited by 15 publications

References 10 publications

Identification, Distribution and Abundance of Scale Insect Associate with Several Clones of Durian (Durio zibethinus Merr.)

Identification, Distribution and Abundance of Scale Insect Associate with Several Clones of Durian (Durio zibethinus Merr.)

Pest categorisation of Aulacaspis tubercularis

Functional principles of steerable multi‐element probes in insects

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