Leaf Shrinkage with Dehydration: Coordination with Hydraulic Vulnerability and Drought Tolerance

Scoffoni, Christine; Vuong, Christine; Diep, Steven; Cochard, Hervé; Sack, Lawren

doi:10.1104/pp.113.221424

Cited by 201 publications

(222 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…The coordination between K leaf Ψ 50 and π tlp supports the hypothesized mechanistic effect of turgor loss in the mesophyll on declines in K leaf via the extraxylary pathway (20). As a leaf dries, and the mesophyll cells lose turgor, the cells shrink, and aquaporin activity and abscisic acid levels can shift rapidly, affecting water transport (20).…”

mentioning

confidence: 73%

“…We tested the degree to which plants exhibit a trait sequence that is expected to limit severe drought damage. Plants are expected to undergo stomatal closure at sufficiently high water potentials to prevent wilting and/or substantial (i.e., ≥50%) declines in stem hydraulic conductivity (6,19,20). Additionally, the vulnerability segmentation hypothesis predicts that plants limit stem embolism by exhibiting less negative thresholds for declines Significance Many plant species face increasing drought under climate change, making plant drought tolerance integral to predicting species and ecosystem responses.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The correlations and sequence of plant stomatal, hydraulic, and wilting responses to drought

Bartlett

Klein

Jansen

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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418

346

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Climate change is expected to exacerbate drought for many plants, making drought tolerance a key driver of species and ecosystem responses. Plant drought tolerance is determined by multiple traits, but the relationships among traits, either within individual plants or across species, have not been evaluated for general patterns across plant diversity. We synthesized the published data for stomatal closure, wilting, declines in hydraulic conductivity in the leaves, stems, and roots, and plant mortality for 262 woody angiosperm and 48 gymnosperm species. We evaluated the correlations among the drought tolerance traits across species, and the general sequence of water potential thresholds for these traits within individual plants. The trait correlations across species provide a framework for predicting plant responses to a wide range of water stress from one or two sampled traits, increasing the ability to rapidly characterize drought tolerance across diverse species. Analyzing these correlations also identified correlations among the leaf and stem hydraulic traits and the wilting point, or turgor loss point, beyond those expected from shared ancestry or independent associations with water stress alone. Further, on average, the angiosperm species generally exhibited a sequence of drought tolerance traits that is expected to limit severe tissue damage during drought, such as wilting and substantial stem embolism. This synthesis of the relationships among the drought tolerance traits provides crucial, empirically supported insight into representing variation in multiple traits in models of plant and ecosystem responses to drought. drought tolerance | stem hydraulics | leaf hydraulics | stomatal closure | turgor loss point P lants worldwide are expected to face more frequent and severe droughts under climate change (1). Characterizing drought tolerance for diverse species is key to improved predictions of ecosystem responses to global change (2), and ecological and phylogenetic patterns have been established across many species for individual drought tolerance traits (3-7). However, plant drought tolerance is determined by multiple traits. The relationships among traits within plants and across species have not been evaluated for general patterns across global plant diversity. We synthesized the published data to elucidate global patterns in the relationships among stomatal, hydraulic, and leaf mesophyll drought tolerance traits. We evaluated the roles of functional coordination, covariance with water stress, and shared ancestry in driving trait correlations across species. Additionally, we focused on clarifying relationships among drought tolerance traits within plants of given species, i.e., determining the sequence of their water potential thresholds.Classical drought tolerance traits quantify the water potentials that induce declines in key physiological processes, such as stomatal conductance, hydraulic conductivity, and cell turgor pressure. Previous studies have shown that these water potential thresholds are i...

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confidence: 73%

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confidence: 99%

The correlations and sequence of plant stomatal, hydraulic, and wilting responses to drought

Bartlett

Klein

Jansen

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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418

346

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“…S2, Supporting information), suggesting that the size and number of vessels in petioles are poor predictors of the rehydration rate (at least for the species reported here) and that other sources of resistance in leaves (e.g., mesophyll resistance) may be better predictors of leaf rehydration rate than petiole hydraulic capacity and lamina area (Scoffoni et al. 2014). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weak coordination among petiole, leaf, vein, and gas‐exchange traits across Australian angiosperm species and its possible implications

Gleason

Blackman

Chang

et al. 2015

Ecology and Evolution

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Close coordination between leaf gas exchange and maximal hydraulic supply has been reported across diverse plant life forms. However, it has also been suggested that this relationship may become weak or break down completely within the angiosperms. We examined coordination between hydraulic, leaf vein, and gas‐exchange traits across a diverse group of 35 evergreen Australian angiosperms, spanning a large range in leaf structure and habitat. Leaf‐specific conductance was calculated from petiole vessel anatomy and was also measured directly using the rehydration technique. Leaf vein density (thought to be a determinant of gas exchange rate), maximal stomatal conductance, and net CO 2 assimilation rate were also measured for most species (n = 19–35). Vein density was not correlated with leaf‐specific conductance (either calculated or measured), stomatal conductance, nor maximal net CO 2 assimilation, with r 2 values ranging from 0.00 to 0.11, P values from 0.909 to 0.102, and n values from 19 to 35 in all cases. Leaf‐specific conductance calculated from petiole anatomy was weakly correlated with maximal stomatal conductance (r 2 = 0.16; P = 0.022; n = 32), whereas the direct measurement of leaf‐specific conductance was weakly correlated with net maximal CO 2 assimilation (r 2 = 0.21; P = 0.005; n = 35). Calculated leaf‐specific conductance, xylem ultrastructure, and leaf vein density do not appear to be reliable proxy traits for assessing differences in rates of gas exchange or growth across diverse sets of evergreen angiosperms.

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“…Leaf emergence and expansion increase the active leaf area, while senescence decreases it (Ebdon and Petrovic, 1998;Munne-Bosch and Alegre, 2004;Lee et al, 2012;Pantin et al, 2012;Turner et al, 2012;Blösch et al, 2015;Esmaeilzade-Moridani et al, 2015;Marquez-Garcia et al, 2015). The area of a leaf may be decreased under drought as compared to unstressed plants by a negatively influenced leaf expansion during leaf development or to some extent by shrinkage (Burling et al, 2013;Scoffoni et al, 2014) of previously expanded leaves as a consequence of water loss (Fig. 1 A, B, C).…”

Section: Photosynthetically Active Leaf Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Drought stress and carbon assimilation in a warming climate: Reversible and irreversible impacts

Feller

2016

Journal of Plant Physiology

122

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Global change is characterized by increased CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, increasing average temperature and more frequent extreme events including drought periods, heat waves and flooding. Especially the impacts of drought and of elevated temperature on carbon assimilation are considered in this review. Effects of extreme events on the subcellular level as well as on the whole plant level may be reversible, partially reversible or irreversible. The photosynthetically active biomass depends on the number and the size of mature leaves and the photosynthetic activity in this biomass during stress and subsequent recovery phases. The total area of active leaves is determined by leaf expansion and senescence, while net photosynthesis per leaf area is primarily influenced by stomatal opening (stomatal conductance), mesophyll conductance, activity of the photosynthetic apparatus (light absorption and electron transport, activity of the Calvin cycle) and CO2 release by decarboxylation reactions (photorespiration, dark respiration). Water status, stomatal opening and leaf temperature represent a "magic triangle" of three strongly interacting parameters. The response of stomata to altered environmental conditions is important for stomatal limitations. Rubisco protein is quite thermotolerant, but the enzyme becomes at elevated temperature more rapidly inactivated (decarbamylation, reversible effect) and must be reactivated by Rubisco activase (carbamylation of a lysine residue). Rubisco activase is present under two forms (encoded by separate genes or products of alternative splicing of the premRNA from one gene) and is very thermosensitive. Rubisco activase was identified as a key protein for photosynthesis at elevated temperature (non-stomatal limitation). During a moderate heat stress Rubisco activase is reversibly inactivated, but during a more severe stress (higher temperature and/or longer exposure) the protein is irreversibly inactivated, insolubilized and finally degraded. On the level of the leaf, this loss of photosynthetic activity may still be reversible when new Rubisco activase is produced by protein synthesis. Rubisco activase as well as enzymes involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species or in osmoregulation are considered as important targets for breeding crop plants which are still productive under drought and/or at elevated leaf temperature in a changing climate.

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Leaf Shrinkage with Dehydration: Coordination with Hydraulic Vulnerability and Drought Tolerance

Cited by 201 publications

References 73 publications

The correlations and sequence of plant stomatal, hydraulic, and wilting responses to drought

The correlations and sequence of plant stomatal, hydraulic, and wilting responses to drought

Weak coordination among petiole, leaf, vein, and gas‐exchange traits across Australian angiosperm species and its possible implications

Drought stress and carbon assimilation in a warming climate: Reversible and irreversible impacts

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