Leaf surface expansion on the main axes of white and red clovers

Arnott, R. A.; Ryle, Gilbert

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.1982.tb01600.x

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The difference in mean RGR between the two species was much greater at 8~ than at 10 or 12~ Other authors have also reported that clover shows a greater increase in growth rate than ryegrass at spring temperatures (Arnott and Ryle, 1982;Davidson et al, 1986;Mitchell and Lucanus, 1960). However, although all plants were supplied with non-limiting mineral N, the actual DM yields of the ryegrass seedlings were several times greater than the clover seedlings, even at the higher temperatures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…1983L Other authors have also concluded that nitrogenase activity does not limit growth more at spring temperatures than at higher temperatures, in another white clover cultivar (Blanca) (Woledge and Calleja Suarez, 1983), and a number of tropical and temperate legumes (Gibson, 1965;1974). However, other reports are contradictory (Arnott and Ryle, 1982;Mytton and Hughes, 1980). The latter authors did not nodulate plants before the commencement of the temperature treatments, thus in these experiments the effects of temperature on N2 reduction were confounded with those on infection and nodule formation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Clover has a higher optimum growth temperature than perennial ryegrass (ryegrass) (Mitchell, 1956;Mitchell and Lucanus, 1960), and shows a greater reduction in growth rate at low temperatures than ryegrass, with slower rates at spring and autumn temperatures (Arnott and Ryle, 1982;Davidson et al, 1986;Mitchell, 1956;Mitchell and Lucanus, 1960). This may be the response of the plant to low temperatures, however the growth of the clover plant is a function of two very different organisms -the plant and the Rhizobium bacteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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The response of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) seedlings to spring root temperatures: The relative roles of the plant and the Rhizobium bacteria

Glendining

Mytton

1989

Plant Soil

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Three experiments are reported which examine the relative roles of host and Rhizobium genotypes as ~ factors limiting clover (Trifolium repens L.) growth at low soil temperatures.In the first experiment un-nodulated clover and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were grown with non-limiting nitrate at root temperatures of 8, 10 and 12~ The ryegrass had substantially better relative growth rates (RGR) than the clover with the biggest difference occurring at 8~ Alterations in growth rate with temperature were more marked in clover than in ryegrass but the latter still produced several times more dry matter than clover at each temperature. In the subsequent experiments clover nodulated with different strains of rhizobia was grown with and without non-limiting additions of nitrate at root temperatures of 9, 12 and 15~ Plants receiving nitrate generally produced more dry matter than those dependent upon Rhizobium for nitrogen but differences in yield between these treatments did not alter with temperature. This suggests that limitations imposed by nitrogen fixation are similar at both high and low temperatures. Indeed, there was some evidence that nitrogen limitations were rather more pronounced at the highest temperature. The first experiment clearly demonstrated that the clover genotype makes particularly poor use of nitrate at low root temperatures when compared to its common companion perennial ryegrass.It can be concluded that improvements in spring growth of clover will rest largely with alterations to the plant genotype and its ability to use combined nitrogen for growth at lower temperatures rather than with changes in rhizobia or any symbiotic characters.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The response of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) seedlings to spring root temperatures: The relative roles of the plant and the Rhizobium bacteria

Glendining

Mytton

1989

Plant Soil

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“…Leaf growth is also influenced by the source from which white clover plants obtain their N. Plants receiving N from the soil have a greater leaf area than those which depend on rhizobially fixed N (Ryle et al 1979;Arnott & Ryle 1982). Again, this may be a direct result of C partitioning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the application of N fertiliser to mixed swards can decrease the proportion of white clover (Laidlaw et al 1992), particularly in spring following a late winter N application (Laidlaw 1985;Rowarth et al 1996). This is because low temperatures decrease the growth rate of white clover more than ryegrass, and hence white clover is less responsive to N than ryegrass (Arnott & Ryle 1982;Davidson et al 1986). However, the physiological limiting factor in white clover growth has not yet been identified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agronomical and physiological responses of white clover(Trifolium repens)and perennial ryegrass(Lolium perenne)to nitrogen fertiliser applied in autumn and winter

Castle¹,

Rowarth²,

Cornforth³

et al. 2002

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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Mixed pastures of white clover and ryegrass are profitable and widely used. However, loss of clover is common with time due to N fertiliser applications in late winter. The factors that cause this loss have yet to be determined. This work investigated reasons for the competitive disadvantage suffered by white clover relative to ryegrass in autumn and winter. White clover (Trifolium repens cv. 'Grasslands Huia') and ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. 'Grasslands Nui') were sown in March in Canterbury, New Zealand, and grown as single plants in silica sand. Nitrogen (N; 0.5 mol m -3 N); was applied daily simulating an unfertilised soil; solution N concentration was increased to 5.0 mol m -3 N for treatments in autumn (May) or winter (August), simulating fertiliser treatment. Net photosynthesis was measured before each harvest and over a diurnal period at 123 days after sowing. Plants were destructively harvested six times (33-185 days after sowing) and plant dry weight and N concentration (%) measured. White clover had a significantly (P < 0.05) lower dry weight than ryegrass. Extra N applied from May significantly increased (P < 0.05) dry weight of ryegrass. No significant changes in shoot N concentration were found. Except at the last harvest, net photosynthesis was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in white clover than in ryegrass; this was also apparent for diurnal net photosynthetic rates 123 days after sowing. Results indicated that white clover growth was limited by temperature, whereas ryegrass growth was limited by N supply.

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Overwintering and Growing Season Dynamics of Trifolium repens L. in Mixture with Lolium perenne L.: A Model Approach to Plant-environment Interactions

et al. 2001

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In attempting to increase the reliability of clover contribution in clover/ryegrass systems it is important to understand the roles of (1) specific traits of the clover genotype (2) climate and (3) their interactions in determining clover behaviour in swards. Overwintering and spring growth of white clover (cultivars AberHerald and Huia) grown in binary mixtures with perennial ryegrass were measured at 12 European sites ranging in latitude from Reykjavik, Iceland (64o30 ' N) to Pordenone, Italy (46°30 ' N). In the overwintering period, tiller density of the grass was assessed and detailed morphological and chemical measurements were made on the clover at each sampling time. During the growing season, the clover contribution to total available biomass was recorded. Detailed climatic data were available at all sites. The annual growth cycle of swards was divided into four functional periods (spring, summer, autumn and winter). Within each functional period community responses were modelled. The models incorporated independent biotic variables characterizing each community within each site at the start of the period and independent variables characterizing the climate at each site during the period. The models were linked dynamically by taking, as response variable(s) for a functional period, the independent biotic variable(s) of the succeeding period. In general, the modelling strategy was successful in producing a series of biologically meaningful linked models. Essential prerequisites for this were (a) the establishment of a well-devised common protocol prior to the experiment and (b) the extensive gradients of climatic and other variables obtained by using numerous sites. AberHerald generally performed as well as, or better than, Huia throughout the annual cycle across the range of climatic conditions encountered, and especially under low temperature conditions in winter and autumn. Clover leaf area index appeared to be a key variable in determining clover performance over winter and through the following growing season. Grass tiller density had a strong negative effect on clover content in spring but only at low temperatures. This emphasizes the importance of a high clover leaf area index in autumn as the main biotic factor related to spring clover content in milder conditions. The importance of climatic variables in the models is their use in explaining the reliability of the contribution of clover in clover/ryegrass systems. Temperature was the primary climatic determinant of clover response in all periods, having a direct effect on clover content and leaf area index or mediating the effect of the associate species. Radiation strongly influenced clover dynamics during winter and spring but not in the other periods, possibly because it was confounded with the effect of higher temperature. Precipitation was positively related to clover growth during spring and autumn and was related to tiller density in a complex manner during autumn and winter.

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Leaf surface expansion on the main axes of white and red clovers

Cited by 16 publications

References 9 publications

The response of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) seedlings to spring root temperatures: The relative roles of the plant and the Rhizobium bacteria

The response of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) seedlings to spring root temperatures: The relative roles of the plant and the Rhizobium bacteria

Agronomical and physiological responses of white clover(Trifolium repens)and perennial ryegrass(Lolium perenne)to nitrogen fertiliser applied in autumn and winter

Overwintering and Growing Season Dynamics of Trifolium repens L. in Mixture with Lolium perenne L.: A Model Approach to Plant-environment Interactions

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