Learned Associations Over Long Delays

Revusky, Sam; García, John

doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60429-6

Cited by 318 publications

(216 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…In CTA (Bures et al, 1988(Bures et al, , 1998Revusky and Garcia, 1970) organisms learn to avoid a novel taste if its ingestion is followed by transient toxicity. Unless indicated otherwise, saccharin (0.1% w/v) was used as the unfamiliar taste, and LiCl (0.15 M, 2% body weight, intraperitoneally (i.p.))…”

Section: Behavioral Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

NMDA Partial Agonist Reverses Blocking of Extinction of Aversive Memory by GABAA Agonist in the Amygdala

Akirav

2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The ability to extinguish aversive memories is of significant clinical interest. The amygdala plays an important role in emotional conditioning and its experimental extinction. It has been suggested that g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists retard extinction and that consolidation of extinction involves N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated plasticity. The aim was to further explore the interaction between GABA and NMDA in the amygdala in consolidation of experimental extinction in the rat. To that end conditioned taste aversion (CTA) was used. In CTA, the amygdala has been reported to subserve both acquisition and extinction. The GABA A receptor agonist, muscimol, administered into the amygdala immediately after the first extinction session, caused lasting disruption of extinction of CTA for at least 2 weeks. However, the administration of GABA A receptor antagonists had no effect on extinction kinetics. Microinfusing the partial NMDA agonist D-cycloserine together with or after muscimol infusion reversed the blocking effects of muscimol. These findings could bear relevance to the potential involvement of extinction abnormalities in behavioral disorders, and their amelioration.

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Section: Behavioral Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

NMDA Partial Agonist Reverses Blocking of Extinction of Aversive Memory by GABAA Agonist in the Amygdala

Akirav

2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…In marked contrast to these results (which indicate short-lived memory for stimulus events) are the results from conditioned taste aversion (CTA) research (Revusky & Garcia, 1970;Rozin & Kalat, 1971; for a bibliography, see Riley & Tuck, 1985). In the taste aversion procedure, an animal is presented with a novel taste and subsequently made ill. On later exposure to the taste, the animal typically avoids its consumption (see Garcia, Ervin, & Koelling, 1966) .…”

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confidence: 99%

Memory for tastes in an operant delayed discrimination

Bitler

Riley

1992

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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“…Two days later, the animals were tested for the presence of aversions by offering them a simultaneous choice of drinking either sucrose solution or plane water. The sucrose-drinking/illness-contingent animals demonstrated significant aversions to the sweet solution when compared to controls (sucrose-drinkingl saline-injected, sucrose-drinking/no-injection, plain-water-drinking/lithium chloride-injection, and plain-water-drinking/no-injection groups).A rat will quickly learn to avoid consuming a distinctly flavored fluid if that fluid had previously been conditionally paired with a gastrointestinal malaise induced by poison injection or X-ray irradiation (Revusky & Garcia, 1970). In Pavlovian terminology, the taste cue is the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the illness is the unconditioned stimulus (US).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…A rat will quickly learn to avoid consuming a distinctly flavored fluid if that fluid had previously been conditionally paired with a gastrointestinal malaise induced by poison injection or X-ray irradiation (Revusky & Garcia, 1970). In Pavlovian terminology, the taste cue is the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the illness is the unconditioned stimulus (US).…”

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confidence: 99%

Illness-induced aversion learning in a desert species of rodent (Acomys cahirinus)

Etscorn

1977

Psychobiology

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The spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus) can learn an illness-induced aversion in one trial. After six sessions of baseline drinking, mice were made ill by a toxic injection of lithium chloride (US) 30 min after hav ing drunk from a novel sucrose solution (CS). Two days later, the animals were tested for the presence of aversions by offering them a simultaneous choice of drinking either sucrose solution or plane water. The sucrose-drinking/illness-contingent animals demonstrated significant aversions to the sweet solution when compared to controls (sucrose-drinkingl saline-injected, sucrose-drinking/no-injection, plain-water-drinking/lithium chloride-injection, and plain-water-drinking/no-injection groups).A rat will quickly learn to avoid consuming a distinctly flavored fluid if that fluid had previously been conditionally paired with a gastrointestinal malaise induced by poison injection or X-ray irradiation (Revusky & Garcia, 1970). In Pavlovian terminology, the taste cue is the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the illness is the unconditioned stimulus (US). This basic illness-induced taste aversion exhibits a great inter specific generality. Aversions have been obtained in such diverse groups of animals as fish (MacKay, 1974) , and monkeys (Harlow, 1964;Johnson, Beaton, & Hall, 1975;Revusky & Gorry, 1973; Wilcoxon & Etscorn, Note 2).To date, however, illness-induced taste aversions in desert species of rodents have been relatively difficult to obtain experimentally, possibly because of the difficulty in inducing measurable quantities of water consumption. Abernathy (Note 3) unsuccessfully attempted to condition visually mediated avers ions (tinted water) in gerbils with multiple conditioning trials; however, aversions were established with some difficulty to flavored water. Specifically , the gerbil is capable of metabolizing the water from relatively dr y laboratory chow and is therefore almost independent of freely available water, virtually eliminating water as a CS vehicle. Likewise, physiological data supplied by the Hoeltge Animal Care Equipment Company indicate that if fresh feed such as carrots or lettuce is available to the gerbil, water per se is not required for its well-being. Prakash and Jain (1971) obtained baitshyness in two species of Indian gerbils (Tatera indica indica Hardwicke and Meriones hurrianae Jerdon) by lacing the animals' diet with toxic zinc phosphide. This treatment produced an aversion to the diet even when zinc phosphide was absent. As the study was applied in purpose, no attempt was made to control the quantities of poison consumed, the temporal relationships between ingestion of poison and the onset of illness, and the possibility that avoidance was due to sensitization rather than associative learning.The major question in this study is whether the spiny mouse, a species indigenous to the desert regions of the Near East, is able to form an illness-induced aversion to a novel taste stimulus such as sucrose solution. As the spiny mouse is physiologically similar to the gerbil with r...

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Learned Associations Over Long Delays

Cited by 318 publications

References 98 publications

NMDA Partial Agonist Reverses Blocking of Extinction of Aversive Memory by GABAA Agonist in the Amygdala

NMDA Partial Agonist Reverses Blocking of Extinction of Aversive Memory by GABAA Agonist in the Amygdala

Memory for tastes in an operant delayed discrimination

Illness-induced aversion learning in a desert species of rodent (Acomys cahirinus)

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