Learned Defences and Counterdefences in Predator‐Prey Interactions

Kelley, Jennifer L.; Magurran, Anne E.

doi:10.1002/9780470996058.ch3

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…The ecology of this species therefore shares some similarities with that of L. dimidiatus: living in a highly structured environment means that many encounters with predators do not involve the early stages of a predatorprey interaction (i.e. detection, approach) because predators typically become visible only at close range [43]. Therefore, L. dimidiatus and P. hexataenia might have experienced strong selective pressures on short-range escape performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Differences in habitat use can affect the ability of prey to detect approaching predators, with likely implications for selection on escape performance. For example, physical structures such as branching corals, rocks or weeds diminish the field of view, making predator detection more likely in the late stages of a predator-prey sequence, when escape is the only remaining option [43]. To examine differences in habitat use among our study species, we conducted field observations in July-September 2014 on SCUBA or snorkel.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Mutualistic cleaner fish maintains high escape performance despite privileged relationship with predators

Gingins¹,

Roche²,

Bshary³

2017

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Predatory reef fishes regularly visit mutualistic cleaner fish (Labroides dimidiatus) to get their ectoparasites removed but show no interest in eating them. The concept of compensated trait loss posits that characters can be lost if a mutualistic relationship reduces the need for a given trait. Thus, selective pressures on escape performance might have relaxed in L. dimidiatus due to its privileged relationship with predators. However, the cost of failing to escape a predatory strike is extreme even if predation events on cleaners are exceptionally rare. Additionally, cleaners must escape from non-predatory clients that regularly punish them for eating mucus instead of parasites. Therefore, strong escape capabilities might instead be maintained in cleaner fish because they must be able to flee when in close proximity to predators or dissatisfied clients. We compared the fast-start escape performance of L. dimidiatus with that of five closely related wrasse species and found that the mutualistic relationship that cleaners entertain with predators has not led to reduced escape performance. Instead, conflicts in cleaning interactions appear to have maintained selective pressures on this trait, suggesting that compensated trait loss might only evolve in cases of high interdependence between mutualistic partners that are not tempted to cheat.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutualistic cleaner fish maintains high escape performance despite privileged relationship with predators

Gingins¹,

Roche²,

Bshary³

2017

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…The ability to learn to recognize cues associated with predators would allow a route to be chosen through space and resource patches with the least likely exposure to predators. Indeed, prey species of a wide range of taxa are capable of learning to associate visual or chemical cues with predators [3][4][5] and, for example, several species of fish learn to avoid sites that are perceived as dangerous (reviewed in [6]). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learned parasite avoidance is driven by host personality and resistance to infection in a fish–trematode interaction

Klemme¹,

Karvonen²

2016

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Cognitive abilities related to the assessment of risk improve survival. While earlier studies have examined the ability of animals to learn to avoid predators, learned parasite avoidance has received little interest. In a series of behavioural trials with the trematode parasite Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, we asked whether sea trout (Salmo trutta trutta) hosts show associative learning in the context of parasitism and if so, whether learning capacity is related to the likelihood of infection mediated through host personality and resistance. We show that animals are capable of learning to avoid visual cues associated with the presence of parasites. However, avoidance behaviour ceased after the likely activation of host resistance following consecutive exposures during learning, suggesting that resistance to infection outweighs avoidance. Further, we found a positive relationship between learning ability and boldness, suggesting a compensation of risky lifestyles through increased investment in cognitive abilities. By contrast, an increased risk of infection due to low resistance was not balanced by learning ability. Instead, these traits were positively related, which may be explained by inherent physiological qualities controlling both traits. Overall, the results demonstrate that parasitism, in addition to other biological interactions such as predation, is an important selective factor in the evolution of animal cognition.

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“…Salmon persist in the "predator-prey arms race" (Humphries and Driver, 1970;Kelley and Magurran, 2006) of California's Bay-Delta, which suggests that they may have an anti-predatory characteristic to their downriver navigation strategy. When visual cues are limited underwater, zig-zagging keeps a prey's average position within the river channel unpredictable from the perspective of an immersed predator (Humphries and Driver, 1970).…”

Section: Zig-zaggingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting near-term, out-of-sample fish passage, guidance, and movement across diverse river environments by cognitively relating momentary behavioral decisions to multiscale memories of past hydrodynamic experiences

Goodwin,

Lai,

Taflin

et al. 2023

Front. Ecol. Evol.

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Predicting the behavior of individuals acting under their own motivation is a challenge shared across multiple scientific fields, from economic to ecological systems. In rivers, fish frequently change their orientation even when stimuli are unchanged, which makes understanding and predicting their movement in time-varying environments near built infrastructure particularly challenging. Cognition is central to fish movement, and our lack of understanding is costly in terms of time and resources needed to design and manage water operations infrastructure that is able to meet the multiple needs of human society while preserving valuable living resources. An open question is how best to cognitively account for the multi-modal, -attribute, -alternative, and context-dependent decision-making of fish near infrastructure. Here, we leverage agent- and individual-based modeling techniques to encode a cognitive approach to mechanistic fish movement behavior that operates at the scale in which water operations river infrastructure is engineered and managed. Our cognitive approach to mechanistic behavior modeling uses a Eulerian-Lagrangian-agent method (ELAM) to interpret and quantitatively predict fish movement and passage/entrainment near infrastructure across different and time-varying river conditions. A goal of our methodology is to leverage theory and equations that can provide an interpretable version of animal movement behavior in complex environments that requires a minimal number of parameters in order to facilitate the application to new data in real-world engineering and management design projects. We first describe concepts, theory, and mathematics applicable to animals across aquatic, terrestrial, avian, and subterranean domains. Then, we detail our application to juvenile Pacific salmonids in the Bay-Delta of California. We reproduce observations of salmon movement and passage/entrainment with one field season of measurements, year 2009, using five simulated behavior responses to 3-D hydrodynamics. Then, using the ELAM model calibrated from year 2009 data, we predict the movement and passage/entrainment of salmon for a later field season, year 2014, which included a novel engineered fish guidance boom not present in 2009. Central to the fish behavior model’s performance is the notion that individuals are attuned to more than one hydrodynamic signal and more than one timescale. We find that multi-timescale perception can disentangle multiplex hydrodynamic signals and inform the context-based behavioral choice of a fish. Simulated fish make movement decisions within a rapidly changing environment without global information, knowledge of which direction is downriver/upriver, or path integration. The key hydrodynamic stimuli are water speed, the spatial gradient in water speed, water acceleration, and fish swim bladder pressure. We find that selective tidal stream transport in the Bay-Delta is a superset of the fish-hydrodynamic behavior repertoire that reproduces salmon movement and passage in dam reservoir environments. From a cognitive movement ecology perspective, we describe how a behavior can emerge from a repertoire of multiple fish-hydrodynamic responses that are each tailored to suit the animal’s recent past experience (localized environmental context). From a movement behavior perspective, we describe how different fish swim paths can emerge from the same local hydrodynamic stimuli. Our findings demonstrate that a cognitive approach to mechanistic fish movement behavior modeling does not always require the maximum possible spatiotemporal resolution for representing the river environmental stimuli although there are concomitant tradeoffs in resolving features at different scales. From a water operations perspective, we show that a decision-support tool can successfully operate outside the calibration conditions, which is a necessary attribute for tools informing future engineering design and management actions in a world that will invariably look different than the past.

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Learned Defences and Counterdefences in Predator‐Prey Interactions

Cited by 13 publications

References 101 publications

Mutualistic cleaner fish maintains high escape performance despite privileged relationship with predators

Mutualistic cleaner fish maintains high escape performance despite privileged relationship with predators

Learned parasite avoidance is driven by host personality and resistance to infection in a fish–trematode interaction

Predicting near-term, out-of-sample fish passage, guidance, and movement across diverse river environments by cognitively relating momentary behavioral decisions to multiscale memories of past hydrodynamic experiences

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