Learned stimulation in space and motion perception.

Wallach, Hans

doi:10.1037/0003-066x.40.4.399

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…If the present findings about learnability apply early in development, relations among purely sensory inputs that do not work through higher-order perceptual representations would be unlearnable. This perspective would be consistent both with evidence indicating meaningful perception from birth in humans and also with the view that learning in any perceptual domain builds by correlation with representations furnished by at least one unlearned perceptual process, a position proposed originally by Wallach (42). Although there are many opportunities for learning in perception, discovery of relations from uninterpreted sensory inputs may not be among them.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Perceptual learning depends on perceptual constancy

Garrigan

Kellman

2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Perceptual learning refers to experience-induced improvements in the pick-up of information. Perceptual constancy describes the fact that, despite variable sensory input, perceptual representations typically correspond to stable properties of objects. Here, we show evidence of a strong link between perceptual learning and perceptual constancy: Perceptual learning depends on constancybased perceptual representations. Perceptual learning may involve changes in early sensory analyzers, but such changes may in general be constrained by categorical distinctions among the high-level perceptual representations to which they contribute. Using established relations of perceptual constancy and sensory inputs, we tested the ability to discover regularities in tasks that dissociated perceptual and sensory invariants. We found that human subjects could learn to classify based on a perceptual invariant that depended on an underlying sensory invariant but could not learn the identical sensory invariant when it did not correlate with a perceptual invariant. These results suggest that constancy-based representations, known to be important for thought and action, also guide learning and plasticity.abstract ͉ representation C lassical theories and contemporary computational accounts of sensation and perception distinguish between variables encoded in early sensory analysis and higher level representations of objects, scenes, and events. Whereas early analyzers involve relatively local responses to energy, perceptual representations most often correspond to stable properties of material objects. Object properties persist across changes in the energy reaching the senses, so that comprehending the world requires perceptual constancy-attainment of relatively constant perceptual descriptions despite variation in the sensory inputs used to compute them. A common example is constancy of size: Under a variety of conditions, an object's perceived size does not vary as the observer's viewing distance changes, even though such changes alter the projected (retinal) size. Similarly, an object's surface lightness (shade of gray) does not appear to change when an object is viewed outside in sunshine or indoors, despite changes of more than three orders of magnitude in

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Perceptual learning depends on perceptual constancy

Garrigan

Kellman

2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Indeed, it is difficult to see how one's visual system could learn this statistical structure without the ability to detect novel correlations among signal measurements. Wallach (66) proposed that the calibration of perceptual estimators occurs through association. Purves and colleagues have documented many instances in which the magnitude of a perceptual illusion is well correlated with a statistic in natural scenes, which strongly suggests a role for associative learning in the construction of appearance (67).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demonstration of cue recruitment: Change in visual appearance by means of Pavlovian conditioning

Saunders

Stone

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

100

161

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“…Other evidence, however, shows that perception of object motion during eye movement can be poor (e.g., Bridgeman & Stark, 1979;Ditchburn, 1955;Mack & Herman, 1972Wallach & Lewis, 1965;Wallach, O'Leary, & McMahon, 1982). Doubts concern the scope of tracking eye movement in providing information about object-motion perception (e.g., Festinger & Easton, 1974;Festinger et al, 1976;Stoper, 1973;Westheimer & McKee, 1973): A possible alternative role for such eye movements might be in maintaining detailed (foveal) vision on the tracked object (Wallach, 1985; see also Johnstone & Mark, 1970, 1971Robinson, 1977).…”

Section: Induced Movement and General Visual Perception Of Object Motionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three stimuli might provide information for visual perception of object movement (Wallach, 1982(Wallach, , 1985. These are ( An analysis of visual perception of object motion is complicated by the fact that the eye is in virtually constant movement even during fixation (Ditchburn, 1955;Verheijen, 1961), so that image displacement can arise from both object movement and eye movement with respect to the stationary environment.…”

Section: Induced Movement and General Visual Perception Of Object Motionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induced movement in the visual modality: An overview.

Reinhardt-Rutland¹

1988

Psychological Bulletin

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Induced movement, illusory movement in a stationary stimulus resulting from adjoining movement, has received steady experimental investigation over the last 70 years or so. It is observed under different viewing conditions in a wide variety of displays that differ considerably in overall size and in form of inducing and induced stimuli. Explanations have been diverse, some being based on relations within the display and others invoking mediation by other aspects of the observer's perception. Probably, no one explanation can account for all forms of induced movement. Current knowledge about induced movement may have important implications for visual perception of object morion. Among possibly important factors is size of display, which can vary from two small spots (e.g., Carr & Hardy, 1920) to displays occupying most of the observer's visual field (e.g., Post, 1986).A second major purpose of this overview is to examine explanations for induced movement (Explanations section). Duncker's (1929Duncker's ( /1938 findings have had an important influence here, although many of his suggestions have subsequently been shown to require at least some modification. For example, his theory I thank J. Morss for reading an earlier version of this article, J. Ravey for translation, and two anonymous referees for helpful suggestions.

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Learned stimulation in space and motion perception.

Cited by 15 publications

References 16 publications

Perceptual learning depends on perceptual constancy

Perceptual learning depends on perceptual constancy

Demonstration of cue recruitment: Change in visual appearance by means of Pavlovian conditioning

Induced movement in the visual modality: An overview.

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