Learned Timing of Motor Behavior in the Smooth Eye Movement Region of the Frontal Eye Fields

Li, Jennifer X.; Lisberger, Stephen G.

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.043

Cited by 13 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…The main features of the FEF SEM are: 1) its neurons are direction selective for pursuit eye movements (Gottlieb et al, 1994; Tanaka and Fukushima, 1998), 2) its output appears to modulate the strength, or gain, of visual-motor transmission (Tanaka and Lisberger, 2001), and 3) different neurons in the FEF SEM contribute to pursuit and pursuit learning selectively over different narrow time segments of the total pursuit response (Schoppik et al, 2008; Li and Lisberger, 2011). The role of the FEF SEM in modulating the gain of visual-motor transmission fits well with our finding that the effects of reward modulation can be understood in terms of modulation of the weight of the visual motion signals from one or multiple targets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The basal ganglia, as the most likely source of signals related to reward expectation, interact with the pursuit circuit through the smooth eye movement region of the frontal eye field (FEF SEM ). The FEF SEM plays important roles in pursuit learning (Li and Lisberger, 2011) and direction-specific modulation of the strength of visual-motor transmission for pursuit (Tanaka and Lisberger, 2001, 2002). Thus, it will be important to understand the impact of reward on these components of pursuit to reach the ultimate goal of understanding how and where reward alters the firing of specific neurons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reward Action in the Initiation of Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements

Joshua

Lisberger²

2012

J. Neurosci.

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Reward has a powerful influence on motor behavior. To probe how and where reward systems alter motor behavior, we studied smooth pursuit eye movements in monkeys trained to associate the color of a visual cue with the size of the reward to be issued at the end of the target motion. When the tracking task presented two different colored targets that moved orthogonally, monkeys biased the initiation of pursuit towards the direction of motion of the target that led to larger reward. The bias was larger than expected given the modest effects of reward size on tracking of single targets. Experiments with three different reward sizes suggested the bias afforded a given target depends mainly on the size of the larger reward. To analyze the effect of reward on directional learning in pursuit, monkeys tracked a single moving target that changed direction 250 ms after the onset of motion. Expectation of a larger reward led to a larger learned eye movement during the acquisition of the learned response, and during subsequent probes of what had been learned, implying that reward influenced the expression rather than the acquisition of learning. The specific effects of reward size on learning and two-target stimuli imply that the site of reward modulation is at a level where multiple target motions compete for control of eye movement, downstream from sensory processing and learning and upstream from final motor processing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reward Action in the Initiation of Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements

Joshua

Lisberger²

2012

J. Neurosci.

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“…The FEF SEM is involved in modulating the strength, or gain, of visual-motor transmission (Tanaka and Lisberger, 2001, 2002), while the floccular complex, situated closer to the motor end of the pursuit circuit, explicitly encodes (and determines) the velocity and acceleration of the eye movement. Both of these areas express learned changes in neural responses in association with motor learning in pursuit (Kahlon and Lisberger, 2000; Medina and Lisberger, 2008; Li and Lisberger, 2011). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acquisition of Neural Learning in Cerebellum and Cerebral Cortex for Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements

Medina²,

Frank³

et al. 2011

J. Neurosci.

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We have evaluated the emergence of neural learning in the frontal eye fields (FEFSEM) and the floccular complex of the cerebellum while monkeys learned a precisely-timed change in the direction of pursuit eye movement. For each neuron, we measured the time course of changes in neural response across a learning session that comprised at least 100 repetitions of an instructive change in target direction. In both areas, the average population learning curves tracked the behavioral changes with high fidelity, consistent with possible roles in driving learning. However, the learning curves of individual neurons sometimes bore little relation to the smooth, monotonic progression of behavioral learning. In the FEFSEM, neural learning was episodic. For individual neurons, learning appeared at different times during the learning session and sometimes disappeared by the end of the session. Different FEFSEM neurons expressed maximal learning at different times relative to the acquisition of behavioral learning. In the floccular complex, many Purkinje cells acquired learned simple-spike responses according to the same time course as behavioral learning and retained their learned responses throughout the learning session. A minority of Purkinje cells acquired learned responses late in the learning session, after behavioral learning had reached an asymptote. We conclude that learning in single neurons can follow a very different time course from behavioral learning. Both the FEFSEM and the floccular complex contain representations of multiple temporal components of learning, with different neurons contributing to learning at different times during the acquisition of a learned movement.

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“…Despite some noticeable activity recorded in nonhuman primates, FEF region is believed to be less involved in the triggering of purely reflexive, visually guided saccades, which are externally triggered toward a stimulus appearing at a peripheral location. A subregion of FEF also controls pursuit eye movements, along with the cortex, the posterior temporoparietal areas, 9,10 and cerebellum. 11 In humans, studies using fMRI have delimited the location of the FEF mainly to the intersection between the precentral sulcus and the superior frontal sulcus, whereas the pursuit-related area to a deeper region along the anterior wall, the fundus, and the deep part of the posterior wall.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11 In humans, studies using fMRI have delimited the location of the FEF mainly to the intersection between the precentral sulcus and the superior frontal sulcus, whereas the pursuit-related area to a deeper region along the anterior wall, the fundus, and the deep part of the posterior wall. 10 In the precentral sulcus, aside the main locus of the FEF, located at the junction with the superior frontal sulcus, another locus of activation is often observed in fMRI studies along the lateral part of this sulcus and the adjacent portion of the precentral gyrus. 12 The specific role of this lateral locus remains to be determined, as it is activated both by single and combined eye and head movements.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The cortex is in overall control of ‘voluntary’ eye movement

Pouget

2014

Eye

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The neural circuits that control eye movements are complex and distributed in brainstem, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and multiple areas of cortex. The anatomical function of the substrates implicated in eye movements has been studied for decades in numerous countries, laboratories, and clinics. The modest goal of this brief review is twofold. (1) To present a focused overview of the knowledge about the role of the cerebral cortex in voluntary control of eye movements. (2) To very briefly mention two findings showing that the accepted hierarchy between the frontal and the occipital sensory areas involved in sensory-motor transformation might not be so trivial to reconcile, and to interpret in the context of eye movement command. This presentation has been part of the 44th Cambridge Ophthalmological Symposium, on ocular motility,

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Learned Timing of Motor Behavior in the Smooth Eye Movement Region of the Frontal Eye Fields

Cited by 13 publications

References 60 publications

Reward Action in the Initiation of Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements

Reward Action in the Initiation of Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements

Acquisition of Neural Learning in Cerebellum and Cerebral Cortex for Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements

The cortex is in overall control of ‘voluntary’ eye movement

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