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Although second language (L2) engagement has received increasing attention, L2 writing engagement has been rarely investigated. Based on the social-cognitive theory, environmental sources could influence individuals’ motivations which in turn affect their engagement. However, factors contributing to L2 writing engagement have not been thoroughly understood. The present study investigated the associations between three dimensions of classroom environment (teacher support, student cohesion, and task orientation) and L2 writing engagement as well as the mediation roles of mastery and performance approach goals among 721 Chinese learners of English as a foreign language (EFL). Structural equation model analysis suggested that task orientation was the most influential environmental factor; it could not only directly influence EFL writing engagement, but could also indirectly influence it through mastery and performance goals. Teacher support could only indirectly influence engagement through mastery and performance goals. With dimensions of EFL writing engagement disentangled, teacher support negatively predicted agentic engagement but not the other three dimensions. However, mastery and performance goals fully mediated the path from teacher support to behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement. Task orientation had positive effects on all aspects of writing engagement and most of the effects could be carried by the two types of goal orientations. Implications and future directions are also discussed.
Although second language (L2) engagement has received increasing attention, L2 writing engagement has been rarely investigated. Based on the social-cognitive theory, environmental sources could influence individuals’ motivations which in turn affect their engagement. However, factors contributing to L2 writing engagement have not been thoroughly understood. The present study investigated the associations between three dimensions of classroom environment (teacher support, student cohesion, and task orientation) and L2 writing engagement as well as the mediation roles of mastery and performance approach goals among 721 Chinese learners of English as a foreign language (EFL). Structural equation model analysis suggested that task orientation was the most influential environmental factor; it could not only directly influence EFL writing engagement, but could also indirectly influence it through mastery and performance goals. Teacher support could only indirectly influence engagement through mastery and performance goals. With dimensions of EFL writing engagement disentangled, teacher support negatively predicted agentic engagement but not the other three dimensions. However, mastery and performance goals fully mediated the path from teacher support to behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement. Task orientation had positive effects on all aspects of writing engagement and most of the effects could be carried by the two types of goal orientations. Implications and future directions are also discussed.
Vocabulary acquisition is pivotal in enhancing English writing proficiency. Effective integration of output vocabulary into written English is essential for improving students’ compositional skills. This study proposes a methodology for extracting vocabulary from English textual materials and subsequently applying it to student writing endeavors. To ensure the integrity and accuracy of the text materials utilized, this research employs a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) algorithm to perform a comprehensive spelling check on the English writing corpus prior to vocabulary extraction. Further, this paper adopts the high-frequency word list and Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) techniques to identify and evaluate the significance of vocabulary within the texts. Key vocabulary that significantly impacts word importance classification is preliminarily identified using the Graph Convolutional Network-K Nearest Neighbor (GCKN) algorithm. These pivotal words, termed ‘key nodes, ’ form the basis for constructing a network within the English texts. Utilizing the message-passing mechanism, information from associated nodes is aggregated at the central node, facilitating the acquisition of output vocabulary. The study findings indicate that students, after learning and applying the acquired vocabulary, demonstrate considerable improvements in their English writing capabilities. They exhibit a broader and more sophisticated use of vocabulary, leading to marked enhancements in their writing performance and overall English proficiency.
This study examines how different communication modes (two kinds of computer-mediated communication and face-to-face mode) influence EFL learners’ engagement during a collaborative writing task and its impact on subsequent request learning outcomes, measured by sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic competence. Ninety-six high school English learners were assigned to groups for text-based chat, audio chat, and face-to-face interactions to complete a collaborative writing task in pairs. Two versions of the Written Discourse Completion Test (WDCT) were employed as pre-tests and post-tests to assess and compare the learning outcomes in request-making across the three groups. Cognitive and social engagement of learners were assessed by using multiple measures derived from chat logs and recordings, while a post-task questionnaire was utilized to gauge emotional engagement during the task. The results indicated that learners in the face-to-face and audio-chat conditions demonstrated higher levels of cognitive engagement compared to the text-chat group. The text-chat group reported fewer instances of negative emotions. In terms of request learning outcomes, all groups showed an increase in sociolinguistic appropriateness; however, no significant differences were found in overall pragmalinguistic competence. Social and emotional engagement significantly correlated with sociopragmatic improvement in the audio-chat mode, yet these indicators did not demonstrate significant predictive power.
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