“…Mobile applications (henceforth, apps) have the potential to provide learners with practical and systematic steps to learn languages (Gafni et al, 2017;Klimova and Zamborova, 2020;Loewen et al, 2019;Nushi and Eqbali, 2017) or ample exposure to new vocabulary words, sentences, and basic grammar through the use of their own portable devices, thereby facilitating bilingual development (Fatimah et al, 2021;Ghorbani and Ebadi, 2020;Gonulal, 2019;Kohnke, 2020). On the one hand, numerous studies suggest how to develop mobile language learning applications for adolescent/adult learning (Ekoç, 2021;Lee et al, 2021;Ng et al, 2021;Rosell-Aguilar and Qian, 2015;Tu et al, 2020;Zhang and Zou, 2020).…”