“…These scholars have explored definitions, dimensions of LA, as well as EFL teachers' and students' perceptions and practices regarding LA (e.g., Holec, 1981;Chan et al, 2002;Benson, 2006;Borg, 2006;Balcikanli, 2010;Borg & Al-Busaidi, 2012a;Joshi, 2011;Dang, 2012;Le, 2013;Talley, 2014;Keuk & Heng, 2016;Haji-Othman & Wood, 2016;Tapinta, 2016;Alhaysony, 2016;Nguyen, 2016;Dogan & Mirici, 2017;Le, 2019;Tuan, 2021;Al-husban & Tawalbeh, 2023). In the past five years, some studies have focused on project work, collaboration, and cooperation via task-based learning and teacher supervision to enhance LA skills in classroom language learning (e.g., Lynch & Orr, 2016;Nguyen, 2017;Feick, 2018;Lin, 2019;Yasmin & Naseetm, 2019;Chowdhury, 2021;Dang & Nguyen, 2023). However, there has been limited exploration of teamwork without teacher management for developing EFL students' LA abilities outside the classroom, particularly at Dong Thap University, a rural region in the Mekong Delta of South Vietnam.…”