Learning about deprivation intensity stimuli.

Davidson, Terry L.

doi:10.1037/0735-7044.101.2.198

Cited by 71 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 25 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…However, response rates under 30 h offood deprivation were significantly higher than those under 6 h of food deprivation; all differences exceeded the value of the critical difference (19.26,p < .05). The latter result is consistent with other work using comparable fooddeprivation levels to manipulate hunger (e.g., Crocetti, 1962;Davidson, 1987).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Direct effects on instrumental performance of outcome revaluation by drive shifts

Shipley

Colwill

1996

Animal Learning & Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In three experiments the sensitivity of instrumental responding to revaluation of the instrumental outcome in the absence of experience with the revalued outcome was examined. Hungry rats were trained to make one response for food pellets and a different response for sucrose liquid. In Experiment 1, these responses were tested in extinction when the animals were either thirsty or hungry. A significant preference for the sucrose-trained response was observed in the test conducted under thirst but not in that conducted under hunger. In Experiments 2 and 3, the effect of experience with sucrose under thirst on the magnitude of this preference was explored. Following training of the instrumental responses in Experiment 2, half of the animals received presentations of sucrose while they were thirsty; the other half received sucrose while they were hungry. In Experiment 3, the same design was used but these sucrose presentations were made contingent on an instrumental response. Also in Experiment 3, the specificity of the sucrose-response preference to a shift to thirst was examined by testing under increased and decreased levels of hunger. The results of those experiments indicated that the sucrose-response preference is exhibited only under thirst and that exposure to the sucrose under thirst only marginally enhanced that preference. These findings suggest that instrumental responding may be modified by changes in the value of its outcome in the absence of experience with the revalued outcome.

show abstract

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Direct effects on instrumental performance of outcome revaluation by drive shifts

Shipley

Colwill

1996

Animal Learning & Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…If such control is just an example of general discriminative processes, there is no reason to expect a failure of motivational control in this negative case . Indeed, Davidson and his colleagues (Davidson, 1987 ;Davidson, Flynn, & Jarrard, 1992) have recently demonstrated rapid acquisition of discriminative control over aversive conditioning by the degree of food deprivation .…”

Section: Control Of Outcome Valuementioning

confidence: 99%

Motivational control of goal-directed action

Dickinson

Balleine

1994

Animal Learning & Behavior

927

675

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The control of goal-directed, instrumental actions by primary motivational states, such as hunger and thirst, is mediated by two processes . The first is engaged by the Pavlovian association between contextual or discriminative stimuli and the outcome or reinforcer presented during instrumental training . Such stimuli exert a motivational influence on instrumental performance that depends upon the relevance of the associated outcome to the current motivational state of the agent . Moreover, the motivational effects of these stimuli operate in the absence of prior experience with the outcome under the relevant motivational state . The second, instrumental, process is mediated by knowledge of the contingency between the action and its outcome and controls the value assigned to this outcome . In contrast to the Pavlovian process, motivational states do not influence the instrumental process directly ; rather, the agent has to learn about the value of an outcome in a given motivational state by exposure to it while in that state . This incentive learning is similar in certain respects to the acquisition of "cathexes" envisaged by Tolman (1949aTolman ( , 1949b .The general adaptive significance of the capacity for goal-directed action is so obvious as to require little or no comment. It is this capacity that allows us and other animals to control our environment in the service of our desires and needs. And yet, if asked the most simple questions about this capacity, such as why does an animal perform an instrumental action for a food reward more readily when hungry rather than sated, a contemporary psychologist could tell us little more than Hull (1943) or Tolman (1949aTolman ( , 1949b nearly half a century ago. The fact is that the study of the psychological processes controlling the performance of simple, goal-directed, instrumental actions by basic primary motivational states has been neglected over the intervening decades.It is true that we know much more about the neurophysiological and chemical mechanisms regulating consummatory behavior, such as eating, drinking, and copulating, and indeed about the major role of learning in such behaviors. A contemporary psychologist could also tell us much, at least on a functional level, about how instrumental behavior adapts to schedule and foraging constraints, and indeed about the effects of motivational variables on such adaptation . Moreover, there is an extensive literature on the psychological resources brought to bear in solving complex problems and decisions in the service of cognitive goals . But even so, we should search in vain among the literature for a consensus about the psychological processes by which primary motivational states, such as hunger and thirst, regulate simple goal-directed acts . This is the issue that we wish to address in the present paper. GOAL-DIRECTED ACTIONA prerequisite for this discussion is a clear specification of what we mean by "goal directed . " Our conception of a goal-directed action is psychological, being based upon the nature ...

show abstract

“…That is, our goal is to study whether or not exogenous leptin and CCK, administered separately or in combination, give rise to interoceptive satiety stimuli like those produced by a recent period of ad lib feeding. To achieve this goal, we employed what is known as a "deprivation intensity discrimination design" [15,16,17,18]. With this design, rats are given brief training sessions under irregularly alternating conditions of 1-hr and 24-hrs of food deprivation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interoceptive “satiety” signals produced by leptin and CCK

Kanoski

Walls²,

Davidson

2007

Peptides

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The present studies assessed the extent to which the adiposity signal leptin and the brain-gut hormone cholecystokinin (CCK), administered alone or in combination, give rise to interoceptive sensory cues like those that are produced by a low (1 hr) level of food deprivation. Rats were trained with cues arising from1-hr and 24-hr food deprivation as discriminative stimuli. For one group, 24-hr food deprivation predicted the delivery of sucrose pellets, whereas 1-hr food deprivation did not. Another group received the reversed deprivation level-sucrose contingency. After asymptotic performance was achieved, the effects of leptin and CCK on food intake and on discrimination performance were tested under 24-hr food deprivation. In Experiment 1a, leptin administered into the third cerebroventricle (i3vt) at 3.5 or 7.0 μg doses had little effect, compared to saline on food intake or discriminative responding. In Experiment 1b, leptin (7.0 μg, i3vt) combined with CCK-8 (2 μg/kg, i.p.) reduced food intake significantly, but the findings indicated that CCK-8 alone produces interoceptive discriminative cues more like those produced by 1-than 24-hr food deprivation. Experiment 2a tested rats with i.p. leptin (0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg). Although neither dose suppressed intake, the 0.3 mg/kg dose produced interoceptive cues like 1-hr food deprivation. Experiment 2b tested two doses of CCK-8 (2 and 4mg/kg ,i.p.) and found significant intake suppression and generalization of discrimination with both doses of CCK-8. These findings suggest a role for both leptin and CCK in the production of sensory consequences that correspond to "satiety".

show abstract

Learning about deprivation intensity stimuli.

Cited by 71 publications

References 25 publications

Direct effects on instrumental performance of outcome revaluation by drive shifts

Direct effects on instrumental performance of outcome revaluation by drive shifts

Motivational control of goal-directed action

Interoceptive “satiety” signals produced by leptin and CCK

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About