“…The concept orbital hybridization is not only abstract in nature, but it is also a procedural knowledge, so a direct instruction strategy is needed so that students can easily master the concept. These techniques includes the use of computer simulation and computerized modeling software (Koomson et al, 2020), visual models (Essah & Emmanuel, 2019), and problem game learning (Ameyaw & Sarpong,2015), participatory teaching and learning approach (Adu-Gyamfi et al, 2020), computer simulation games (Bílek et al, 2018), conceptual change approach (Calik et al, 2009;Priede & Krumina, 2012), and cooperative learning approach (Avci et al, 2019), learning cycle (7E model) (Santi & Atun, 2020), mastery learning, advance organizers, inquiry-based learning and inductive teaching. The findings show that teachers are limited in employing some of these instructional strategies in teaching the abstract concept of hybridization.…”