“…The knockout of these subunits prevents this enhancement, as does the co-administration of high-affinity nicotinic antagonists with nicotine (Davis, Kenney, & Gould, 2007). Additionally, these acute enhancing effects appear to be downstream of the activation of the intra-cellular signaling kinases ERK and JNK (Kenney, Florian, Portugal, Abel, & Gould, 2010a; Kenney, Poole, Adoff, Logue, & Gould, 2012; Raybuck & Gould, 2007). Further isolating the acute effects of nicotine, infusion directly into the dorsal hippocampus is sufficient to enhance context or trace fear conditioning (Davis et al, 2007; Raybuck & Gould, 2010), while the infusion of a high-affinity antagonist into the hippocampus prevents the enhancing effects of systemic nicotine (Davis et al, 2007).…”