Background
A cost-effective model for open vessel ligation is currently lacking. We hypothesized that a novel, inexpensive vessel ligation simulator can efficiently impart transferrable surgical skills to novice trainees.
Materials and Methods
VesselBox was designed to simulate vessel ligation using surgical gloves as surrogate vessels. Fourth-year medical students performed ligations using VesselBox, and were evaluated by surgical faculty using the Objective Structured Assessments of Technical Skills (OSATS) global rating scale and a task-specific checklist. Subsequently, each student was trained using VesselBox in an adaptive practice session guided by cumulative sum. Post-testing was performed on fresh human cadavers by evaluators blinded to pre-test results.
Results
Sixteen students completed the study. VesselBox practice sessions averaged 21.8 minutes per participant (IQR 19.5 – 27.7). Blinded post-tests demonstrated increased proficiency, as measured by both OSATS (3.23 vs 2.29, p < 0.001) and checklist metrics (7.33 vs 4.83, p < 0.001). Median speed improved from 128.2 seconds to 97.5 seconds per vessel ligated (p = 0.001). Following this adaptive training protocol, practice volume was not associated with post-test performance.
Conclusions
VesselBox is a cost-effective, low-fidelity vessel ligation model suitable for graduating medical students and junior residents. Cumulative sum can facilitate an adaptive, individualized curriculum for simulation training.