Learning effectiveness of a flexible learning study programme in a blended learning design: why are some courses more effective than others?

Abstract

Flexible learning addresses students’ needs for more flexibility and autonomy in shaping their learning process, and is often realised through online technologies in a blended learning design. While higher education institutions are increasingly considering replacing classroom time and offering more blended learning, current research is limited regarding its effectiveness and modifying design factors. This study analysed a flexible study programme with 133 courses in a blended learning design in different disciplines over more than 4 years with a mixed-methods approach. In the analysed flexible study programme, classroom instruction time was reduced by 51% and replaced with an online learning environment in a blended learning format (N students = 278). Student achievement was compared to the conventional study format (N students = 1068). The estimated summary effect size for the 133 blended learning courses analysed was close to, but not significantly different from, zero (d = − 0.0562, p = 0.3684). Although overall effectiveness was equivalent to the conventional study format, considerable variance in the effect sizes between the courses was observed. Based on the relative effect sizes of the courses and data from detailed analyses and surveys, heterogeneity can be explained by differences in the implementation quality of the educational design factors. Our results indicate that when implementing flexible study programmes in a blended learning design, particular attention should be paid to the following educational design principles: adequate course structure and guidance for students, activating learning tasks, stimulating interaction and social presence of teachers, and timely feedback on learning process and outcomes.

Flexibility and Personalization of Learning in the Senior High Open High School Program: Basis for Enhanced Alternative Delivery Mode of Teaching and Learning

“…The collaborative and project-based learning experiences in OHSP foster creativity and critical thinking skills, and the learners frequently participate in collaborative learning activities with their peers. According to Müller et al (2023), flexible learning addresses learners' need for more flexibility and autonomy in shaping their learning process. Particular attention should be paid to the following educational design principles: adequate course structure and guidance for learners, activating learning tasks, stimulating interaction and social presence of teachers, and timely feedback on the learning process and outcomes.…”

Exploring the Professional Development Pathways of Graduates from the Master’s Programs in Education: A Tracer Study in a Center of Excellence

“…The graduates advocate for a flexible, learner-centered learning environment that incorporates alternative teaching strategies, such as ICTs, and considers their current work (Müller et al, 2023). In addition to emphasizing the benefit of adding certificates to the program outcomes to authenticate their talents and improve their resumes, they emphasize the significance of integrating theory and practice through an integrated approach to teaching and assessment (Resch & Schrittesser, 2021).…”

Accessibility and Effectiveness of Online Learning in China's Vocational Education System: A Comparative Study between Urban and Rural Areas

“…Some students have found that online learning is advantageous, which has enhanced their academic performance (Ulum, 2022). According to Müller (2023), the adaptability and simplicity of online platforms allow students to personalise their learning schedules, which may facilitate their engagement with the course material during their most productive periods (Müller, Mildenberger & Steingruber, 2023). In this regard, Fanguy (2018) also showed that the capability to rewind and review lectures enhances the understanding and review of intricate subjects (Fanguy et al, 2018).…”