Learning from experience? The development of the Renewables Obligation in England and Wales 2002–2010

Woodman, Bridget; Mitchell, Catherine

doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.03.074

Cited by 93 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The necessity to trade quotas is a further barrier to local ownership, as required organisational learning favours large-scale investors and utilities. These are significant entry barriers for small-scale investors and explains why the number of investors can be relatively low [25,38,93,94].…”

Section: Policy Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Lock-Out: Advancing Renewable Energy Policy in Europe

et al. 2012

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As part of its climate strategy, the EU aims at increasing the share of electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-E) in overall electricity generation. Attaining this target poses a considerable challenge as the electricity sector is "locked" into a carbon-intensive system, which hampers the adoption of RES-E technologies. Electricity generation, transmission and distribution grids as well as storage and demand response are subject to important path dependences, which put existing, non-renewable energy sources at an advantage. This paper examines how an EU framework for RES-E support policies should be designed to facilitate a carbon lock-out. For this purpose, we specify the major technological, economic and institutional barriers to RES-E. For each of the barriers, a policy review is carried out which assesses the performance of existing policy instruments and identifies needs for reform. The review reveals several shortcomings: while policies targeting generation are widely in place, measures to address barriers associated with OPEN ACCESSEnergies 2012, 5 324 electricity grids, storage and demand are still in their infancy and have to be extended. Moreover, the implementation of policies has been fragmented across EU Member States. In this respect, national policies should be embedded into an integrated EU-wide planning of the RES-E system with overarching energy scenarios and partially harmonized policy rules.

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Section: Policy Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Lock-Out: Advancing Renewable Energy Policy in Europe

et al. 2012

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“…Electricity suppliers were required to obtain a certain amount of ROCs relative to their total annual electricity supply, thereby creating demand for the certificates. However, the RO had relatively little uptake from less established technologies (e.g., PV) due in part to the complexity of the mechanism, which was ill-suited to less established, higher-risk technologies and industries comprised of smaller players [26]. Following this relatively low uptake, the RO was re-banded in 2009, with less established technologies, including PV, receiving two ROCs per MWh, which was fixed until April 2013, an overview of the evolution of the RO is provided in Table 1.…”

Section: Policy Support For Photovoltaics In the Ukmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Energies 2016, 9,26 system size high, deployment is mapped by number of installations, opposed to capacity. The urban case studies reveal that most LSOAs have no non-domestic PV systems installed; revealing that in these LSOAs domestic PV will likely be the dominant sector.…”

Section: Non-domestic Photovoltaicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Geographical Information Systems Framework to Characterize Photovoltaic Deployment in the UK: Initial Evidence

Westacott

Candelise

2016

Energies

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Globally, deployment of grid-connected photovoltaics (PV) has increased dramatically in recent years. The UK has seen rapid uptake reaching over 500,000 installations totalling 2.8 GWp by 2013. PV can be installed in different market segments (domestic rooftop, non-domestic rooftop and ground-mounted "solar-farms") covering a broad range of system sizes in a high number of locations. It is important to gain detailed understanding of what grid-connected PV deployment looks like (e.g., how it deployed across different geographic areas and market segments), and identify the major drivers behind it. This paper answers these questions by developing a novel geographical information systems (GIS)-framework-the United Kingdom Photovoltaics Database (UKPVD)-to analyze temporal and spatial PV deployment trends at high resolution across all market segments. Results show how PV deployment changed over time with the evolution of governmental PV policy support. Then spatial trends as function of local irradiation, rurality (as a proxy of building and population density) and building footprint (as a proxy for roof-area) are analyzed. We find in all market segments, PV deployment is strongly correlated with the level of policy support. Furthermore, all markets show a preference to deploy in rural areas and those with higher irradiation. Finally, local clustering of PV in all market segments was observed, revealing that PV is not spread evenly across areas. This work reveals the complex nature of PV deployment, both spatially and by market segment, reinforcing the need capture this through mapping.

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“…During this time period the Renewables Obligation has also undergone a transformation towards a feed-in tariff in all but name although competition appears to remain the overarching objective of energy policy, rather than the reduction of risk [21]. The UK government's stance on energy policy is therefore still to let the competitive market decide but it is increasingly accepting the need to slip back into the role of principle change agent by providing a framework capable of overtly influencing potentially negative effects of the invisible hand of the market [21].…”

Section: The Diffusion Of Renewable Energy Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The governance of innovation diffusion – a socio-technical analysis of energy policy

Nolden

2012

EPJ Web of Conferences

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Abstract. This paper analyses risk and uncertainty in the governance of UK energy policy and regulation. The UK's current planning system is unfavourable towards certain types of onshore renewable energy technologies. As a result, the UK is running the risk of retaining a comparatively small amount of its expenditure on the diffusion of renewable energy technologies both nationally and locally. This is contextualised within the broader framework of decarbonisation, transnational renewable energy targets and the lock-in associated with large infrastructures such as the energy system. The context of UK energy policyIn the second quarter of 2011 renewables contributed 9.6% (7.86TWh) to the UK's electricity supply. This represents a 50% rise on 2010. The wind energy sector saw output rise 120% year on year, while hydro rose by 75% over the same period. Gas contributed 44% (down from 53% in 2010), coal 22% and nuclear 21% [1].By 2020, around 1/3 of the UK's coal fired capacity, 2/3 of the oil fired capacity and nearly ¾ of the nuclear capacity, which amounts to around 30% of the UK's entire generating capacity [2], will be closed down due to age or the impact of the EU's large combustion plant directive [3]. For this same period, the UK has agreed to increase the share of energy demand to be covered by renewable sources to 15%, which will see the share of renewable electricity rise to around 30% [4]. By 2050, the electricity sector needs to be nearly entirely decarbonised in order to achieve the legally binding target of 80% CO2 emissions reductions on 1990 levels by 2050 [5,6].In order to achieve this transition towards a low-carbon and increasingly renewable energy system, investments ranging between £100bn and £200bn [6-8] will be required. The need to replace ageing electricity generation infrastructure and the pressure to expand renewable energy generation while reducing the overall carbon intensity of the UK economy is exacerbated by economic uncertainties, posing a considerable challenge to the UK economy and its energy sector in particular.Energy policy in the UK has already witnessed various priority shifts in the last 40 year as Britain has swung from being a major oil and gas importer to being a producer and then moving back to being an importer, with import dependency set to increase to 46-58% by 2020 compared to 27% in 2009 [9].The UK's principle dependency on gas was established in the 1990s as coal fired generation was phased out with the 'dash for gas' associated with privatisation and competition supplanting the post-war model of nationalisation and statutory policy. The result is that the achievement of policy objectives such as maintaining the security of supply has increasingly been placed in the hands of market forces [10]. EPJ Web of Conferences

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Learning from experience? The development of the Renewables Obligation in England and Wales 2002–2010

Cited by 93 publications

References 4 publications

Carbon Lock-Out: Advancing Renewable Energy Policy in Europe

Carbon Lock-Out: Advancing Renewable Energy Policy in Europe

A Novel Geographical Information Systems Framework to Characterize Photovoltaic Deployment in the UK: Initial Evidence

The governance of innovation diffusion – a socio-technical analysis of energy policy

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