“…PhD (Littlefield et al , 2015; Roos et al , 2021). The doctorate degree covers skills and tools that are essential to all sectors of contemporary society (Cohen et al , 2016; McCarthy and Wienk, 2019). There is, thus, an increased interest in collaborative doctoral education as industry employees need to expand their knowledge and skills (Borrell-Damian et al , 2010, 2015; Gill and Mullarkey, 2015; Grimm, 2018; Jones, 2018; Roolaht, 2015) along with the continuous up-skilling demands of the workplace (Blessinger and Stockley, 2016).…”