Considerable research has been conducted examining the use of laptops in higher education, however, a reliable and valid scale to assess in-class use of laptops has yet to be developed. The purpose of the following study was to develop and evaluate the Laptop Effectiveness Scale (LES). The scale consisted of four constructs: academic use and three areas of non-academic use (communication, watching movies, playing games). Tested on 177 higher education students, the data generated using the LES showed acceptable internal reliability, construct validity, content and convergent validity. Feedback from students suggested that both academic and non-academic constructs assessed by the LES could be expanded to incorporate a wider range of laptop related behaviour.
OverviewThere is extensive debate about the efficacy of laptop computers in the classroom. Several studies have identified benefits such as keeping students on task and engaged (Hyden, 2005), or following lectures via PowerPoint or multimedia (Debevec, Shih & Kashyap, 2006). However, other research indicates that using laptops in class can be a disadvantage (Fried, 2008). For example, in lecture based classes, students have been reported using laptops for social activities such as surfing the web and sending emails (Barkhuus, 2005;Barak, Lipson & Lerman, 2006). To date, no systematic measure of inclass laptop behaviour has been designed for higher education. The purpose of this paper is to introduce and evaluate a scale that can be used to assess the in-class effectiveness of laptops.
Laptop use in higher educationA number of themes have emerged regarding the use of laptops in higher education including general use, communication, student attitudes toward learning, student achievement, and distractions. Each of these will be discussed in turn.
General useResearchers have examined how students use laptops for learning. For example, Demb, Erickson and Hawkins-Wilding (2004) found that 16% of overall laptop use involved typing papers and notes. Arend's (2004) work showed that out of class work such as writing papers, using software programs, searching the Internet, and completing group projects constituted the bulk of laptop use. McVay, Snyder and Graetz (2005) added that students reported using their laptops an average of five hours per day, with 36% of that time being spent on academic activities.
152Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 2010, 26(2) Communication Students report that using a laptop to communicate with faculty via email is generally gratifying (Mitra & Steffensmeier, 2000), and that with email, they communicate with faculty more often and more freely (Arend, 2004). Traditional office hours are being replaced with email communication (Dickson & Segars, 1999; Reynolds, 2003), as students can ask brief questions of faculty without having to meet in person. This asynchronous communication allows for greater flexibility for students and faculty, and also provides faculty with an electronic record of student advising and counselling (Par...