Learning to Drive With and Without Intelligent Computer Systems and Sensors to Assist

Abstract

This paper investigates whether using sensors during training is more effective than not. Results are presented from investigating novice vehicle drivers learning while using varying amounts of sensor support. Qualitative and quantitative data evaluations are made to compare drivers with sensors against those without while they learn to drive a vehicle. Reliance on the teaching processes used was recorded while various amounts of support were given by the intelligent systems. The work considers whether skilled drivers trained with sensors assisting them during training, could then work well without any assistance from sensors. Finally, some results are included. In all situations, assistance becomes more useful as environments became more complicated.

Simple Expert System for Intelligent Control and HCI for a Wheelchair fitted with Ultrasonic Sensors

“…Ultrasonics [4] are used to identify dangerous circumstances and suggest safer directions and speeds. Systems used at the moment [5][6][7][8] are likely to rely greatly on vision and the experience of the drivers. This paper describes methods to make the driving task easier using an expert system to interpret sensor and joystick signals.…”

“…The way that the wheelchair interacts with a human operator might reduce effectiveness [5][6][7][8][9][10]. Improvements to the interaction are investigated.…”

“…Powered-wheelchairs have often been guided with a joystick [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] although there are other devices: switches [14], pointers [15,16] or virtual reality transducers [17]. And poweredwheelchairs need to avoid objects, wheelchairs, vehicles and/or people [18,19].…”

“…And poweredwheelchairs need to avoid objects, wheelchairs, vehicles and/or people [18,19]. Various local sensors have been used with wheelchairs: light or laser [20], ultrasonics [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] or infra-red [21]. Positioning has used tilt, gyro, odometry or acoustic [22].…”

Analysis of Reaction Times and Time-Delays Introduced into an Intelligent HCI for a Smart Wheelchair

“…A key conclusion was that wheelchair drivers may perform better in simple environments without any sensors assisting them [2][3][4][5]. Time-delays were introduced between the joystick and controller and with sensors disabled, user error rates increased appreciably as time-delays increased.…”