Learning to Fight: Afghan Child Health and In‐utero Exposure to Conflict

In-utero Exposure to Rainfall Variability and Early Childhood Health

“…Our estimated results are in accordance with previous studies on the importance of in-utero conditions to early human health. Particularly, fetal exposure to armed conflict leads to poorer health and growth statuses in early childhood (Minoiu and Shemyakina, 2012;Oskorouchi, 2019). Nutritional deprivation induced by food price inflation and food scarcity during the intrauterine period has been shown to be detrimental to the child's initial stock of health (Miller, 2017;Woldemichael et al, 2017).…”

“…For example, armed conflict is one source of negative shock that could deteriorate child health. The studies from Cote d'Ivoire and Afghanistan show that fetal exposure to armed conflict causes children to be thinner compared to their peers and substantially raises the incidence of underweight (Minoiu and Shemyakina, 2012;Oskorouchi, 2019). Food price inflation is another example of a negative shock which can affect early childhood health and development, as demonstrated for Ethiopian children who were more likely to be stunted and underweight childhood as a result of exposure to food price inflation in utero (Woldemichael et al, 2017).…”

I am a survivor, keep on surviving: early-life exposure to conflict and subjective survival probabilities in adult life

“…The second consideration refers to the "fetal origin" hypothesis (Barker 1990), which posits that adverse environmental circumstances before and immediately after the birth negatively affect mental and physical health (de Rooij et al 2010;Van den Berg et al 2016;Oskorouchi 2019) as well as socio-economic indicators (Almond and Currie 2011) during childhood and adult life. The childhood and adulthood proxies for health and socio-economic status we have included in the Fig.…”

Operation Allied Force: Unintended Consequences of the NATO Bombing on Children's Outcomes

“…The military intervention used modern precision weaponry, such as aerial bombing and surface-to-air missiles, against Yugoslav strategic military targets (military barracks, industrial facilities, transportation networks and communication lines, as well as governmental buildings). It was a precision aerial bombing similar to bombings of Iraq, Libya, Syria and Afghanistan (Sardoschau, 2018;Oskorouchi, 2019), with the aim of maximising material damage and limiting collateral damage (Fenrick, 2001). The NATO's operation lasted 78 days and hit 108 out of 160 Serbian municipalities at the time, excluding Kosovo and Montenegro.…”