Leather-Based Shoe Soles for Real-Time Gait Recognition and Automatic Remote Assistance Using Machine Learning

Abstract

Real-time monitoring of gait characteristics is crucial for applications in health monitoring, patient rehabilitation feedback, and telemedicine. However, the effective and stable acquisition and automatic analysis of gait information remain significant challenges. In this study, we present a flexible sensor based on a carbon nanotube/graphene composite conductive leather (CGL), which uses collagen fiber with a three-dimensional network structure as the flexible substrate. The CGL-based sensor demonstrates a high dynamic range, with notable pressure responses ranging from 0.6 to 14.5 kPa and high sensitivity (S = 0.2465 kPa −1 ). We further developed a device incorporating the CGL-based sensor to collect foot characteristic signals from human motion and designed smart sports shoes to facilitate effective human− computer interaction. Machine learning was employed to collect and process gait characteristic information in various states, including standing, sitting, walking, and falling. For real-time monitoring of falls, we optimized the K-Nearest Time Series Classifier (KNTC) algorithm, achieving an accuracy of 0.99 and a prediction time of only 13 ms, which highlights the system's excellent intelligent response capabilities. The system maintained a gait recognition accuracy of 90% across diverse populations, with low false-positive (3.3%) and false-negative (3.3%) rates. This work demonstrates stable gait recognition capabilities and provides valuable methods and insights for plantar behavior monitoring and data analysis, contributing to the development of advanced real-time gait monitoring systems.