Leather Thermal and Environmental Parameters in Fire Conditions

Półka, Marzena

doi:10.3390/su11226452

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The corresponding ignition temperatures are 286°C and 231°C, respectively. Półka 18 reported ignition temperatures for four types of animal leather in the range of 281–305°C and gave an ignition temperature of 312°C for faux leather. Janssens 19 reported a piloted ignition temperature of 335°C for hardwood with a moisture content of 10%.…”

Section: Predicting Target Ignitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the likelihood of flashover in room fires involving a flat screen TV and the effect of flame retardant treatment of the casing

Janssens

Schluneker

2022

Fire and Materials

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A study was performed to determine through computer fire modeling up to what extent a room fire in which a flat screen television is the first major item ignited is more likely to result in flashover if the television casing is not treated with flame retardants. This was accomplished by quantifying the risk of flashover in a living room or bedroom due to a fire in which a flat screen television is the first major item ignited, and by calculating the ratio of the risk measures for televisions with untreated casing versus those with flame retardant treated casing. This ratio is an indication of the increased likelihood of flashover should flame retardant treated television casings be replaced with untreated casings. The results of the risk quantification indicate that living room fires initiated with a flat screen television are between 4.2 and 15.2 times more likely to result in flashover when the casing is not treated with flame retardants compared to a flame retardant treated television. For fires in the (master) bedroom, the relative likelihood is between 4.1 and 15.5. The relative likelihood of flashover is slightly lower for apartments than for single family homes.The calculated ratio varies depending on the assumed probability that the ignition source is sufficiently severe to ignite a television with flame retardant treated casing.fire modeling, fire risk assessment, flame retardants, flashover, television fires | INTRODUCTIONComparative furniture calorimeter and room fire testing over the past 35 years has demonstrated that television (TV) sets in the United States are much more difficult to ignite and, when ignited, release heat at a significantly lower rate than European TVs. [1][2][3][4][5] The primary reason for the difference in fire performance is that in the United States, the casing needs to have a UL 94 V-0 rating while a less stringent HB rating is required in Europe. To achieve a V-0 rating, the casing material, typically high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), needs to be treated with flame retardants (FR). FR treatment is generally not needed to meet the HB rating requirements.Table 1 shows some select results from three comparative studies. The peak heat release rate (HRR) is indicative of the hazard associated with a TV fire. Table 1 indicates that total mass loss measurements in the earlier studies, involving then popular cathode-ray tube (CRT) TVs, are comparable to the mass loss measurements from the recent study, which involved now popular flat screen TVs. It should be noted that the TV contents were removed prior to testing

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Section: Predicting Target Ignitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the likelihood of flashover in room fires involving a flat screen TV and the effect of flame retardant treatment of the casing

Janssens

Schluneker

2022

Fire and Materials

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“…[15][16][17][18]. Initiation source always refers to a particular combustive or an explosive system [19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Sources Of Combustion Initistionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire Characteristics of Upholstery Materials in Seats

Osvaldová

Marková

Vandlíčková

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The article deals with selected upholstery flammability test materials that, in the case of fire, can cause fire spread. For the research, frequently used materials for upholstery based on polyester were utilized: imitation leather, suede, and microplush. Initiation of initiating spontaneous flammability with various sources of ignition were measured including a smoldering cigarette and a match flame. Results were measured as smoldering time and length of the burnt-though sample. Upholstery materials are an integral part of seat construction. To be used in transport, upholstered material must meet safety measures such as the strength, sanitariness, and fire resistance. All tests were performed in accordance with applicable technical standards. Impact assessment of the sample (weight) on “smoldering time” and “length of degradation” was carried out using an ANOVA. Significant differences in length of degradation was observed between samples. Tests cannot provide reliable information about the flammability course of the final product. Upholstery is composed of external covering, of inner liner, and padding. Results of the research presented in this paper indicate the need to continue the research in a broader aspect.

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“…Leather sometimes may burn with increasing temperatures in the surrounding environmental conditions. It can become brittle, fragile and weak (Półka, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the efficiency of polyacrylamide and poly(MMA-HEMA) for the consolidation of vegetable-tanned leather artifacts

Abdel-Maksoud

Abdallah

Youssef

et al. 2022

PRT

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Purpose This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of using some polymers at different concentrations in the consolidation of vegetable-tanned leather artifacts. Design/methodology/approach New vegetable-tanned leather samples were prepared. The consolidants used were polyacrylamide (PAM) and polymethyl methacrylate/hydroxyethyl methacrylate (MMA-HEMA). Accelerated heat aging was applied to the untreated and treated samples. Analytical techniques used were Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), digital microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), change of color and mechanical properties. Findings The characteristic FTIR bands showed the effect of accelerated heat aging on the molecular structure of the studied samples, but treated and aged treated samples used were better than aged untreated samples. Microscopic investigations (digital and SEM), and mechanical properties proved that 2% was the best concentration for polymers used. The change in the total color difference of the treated and aged treated samples was limited. Originality/value This study presents the important results obtained from PAM and poly(MMA-HEMA) used for the consolidation of vegetable-tanned leather artifacts. The best results of the studied polymers can be applied directly to protect historical vegetable-tanned leathers.

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Leather Thermal and Environmental Parameters in Fire Conditions

Cited by 8 publications

References 18 publications

Evaluation of the likelihood of flashover in room fires involving a flat screen TV and the effect of flame retardant treatment of the casing

Evaluation of the likelihood of flashover in room fires involving a flat screen TV and the effect of flame retardant treatment of the casing

Fire Characteristics of Upholstery Materials in Seats

Evaluation of the efficiency of polyacrylamide and poly(MMA-HEMA) for the consolidation of vegetable-tanned leather artifacts

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