Lebensgefährliche Intoxikation mit der neuen psychoaktiven Substanz 25C-NBOMe

Grautoff, Steffen; Kähler, Jan

doi:10.1007/s00063-014-0360-5

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Most of the frequently reported adverse effects of phenethylamine psychedelics are shared by psychedelics of other chemical classes, including agitation, hallucinations, drowsiness, confusion, mydriasis, aggression, hyperthermia, hypertension, and tachycardia (Dean et al 2013;Forrester 2013Forrester , 2014Hermanns-Clausen et al 2017;Hill et al 2013;Iwersen-Bergmann et al 2019;Rose et al 2013;Srisuma et al 2015;Stellpflug et al 2014;Stoller et al 2017;Tang et al 2014;Topeff et al 2011;Wood et al 2015). Moreover, severe adverse effects have been linked to the use of psychedelic phenethylamines, including acute psychosis, seizures, coma, cerebral edema, longlasting severe neurological impairment, serotonin syndrome, prolonged respiratory failure, renal failure, multiorgan failure, metabolic acidosis, and rhabdomyolysis (Bosak et al 2013;Grautoff and Kähler 2014;Halberstadt 2017;Huang and Bai 2011;Miyajima et al 2008;Srisuma et al 2015;Tang et al 2014;Wood et al 2009). Furthermore,[1]benzofuran-8-yl)propan-2amine (Bromo-dragonFLY) has been associated with potent vasoconstriction, ischemia, and tissue necrosis in patients, which may be caused by the activation of serotonergic and adrenergic receptors combined with metabolic stability and long-lasting effects (Hill and Thomas 2011;Noble et al 2018;Thorlacius et al 2008;Wood et al 2009).…”

Section: Adverse Effects Of Phenethylaminesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designer drugs: mechanism of action and adverse effects

2020

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Psychoactive substances with chemical structures or pharmacological profiles that are similar to traditional drugs of abuse continue to emerge on the recreational drug market. Internet vendors may at least temporarily sell these so-called designer drugs without adhering to legal statutes or facing legal consequences. Overall, the mechanism of action and adverse effects of designer drugs are similar to traditional drugs of abuse. Stimulants, such as amphetamines and cathinones, primarily interact with monoamine transporters and mostly induce sympathomimetic adverse effects. Agonism at l-opioid receptors and c-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA A) or GABA B receptors mediates the pharmacological effects of sedatives, which may induce cardiorespiratory depression. Dissociative designer drugs primarily act as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists and pose similar health risks as the medically approved dissociative anesthetic ketamine. The cannabinoid type 1 (CB 1) receptor is thought to drive the psychoactive effects of synthetic cannabinoids, which are associated with a less desirable effect profile and more severe adverse effects compared with cannabis. Serotonergic 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A (5-HT 2A) receptors mediate alterations of perception and cognition that are induced by serotonergic psychedelics. Because of their novelty, designer drugs may remain undetected by routine drug screening, thus hampering evaluations of adverse effects. Intoxication reports suggest that several designer drugs are used concurrently, posing a high risk for severe adverse effects and even death.

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Section: Adverse Effects Of Phenethylaminesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designer drugs: mechanism of action and adverse effects

2020

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“…Overdoses lead to most severe effects; some recently reported cases of intoxication were associated with confusion, agitation, hypertension, tachycardia, hyperthermia, dilated pupils, heart failure, metabolic acidosis, generalized seizure, loss of consciousness, low oxygen saturation, acute kidney, and lung failures [25, 27–29]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the lack of knowledge of an experimentally recognized median lethal dosage (LD50), the frequent poor or mistaken dilution, and the improper handlings especially by teenagers (including the concomitant use with other drugs like methoxetamine, α -methyltryptamine, or synthetic cannabinoids) contribute to increase the risk of accidental overdoses of the substance and related deaths [28, 29]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

25C-NBOMe: Preliminary Data on Pharmacology, Psychoactive Effects, and Toxicity of a New Potent and Dangerous Hallucinogenic Drug

Bersani

Corazza

Albano

et al. 2014

BioMed Research International

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Introduction. The use of novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) has rapidly increased as well as their online availability. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the nature and the risks associated with 25C-NBOMe, which has recently appeared in the drug market. Methods. A systematic analysis of the scientific literature and a qualitative assessment of online and media resources (e.g., e-newsgroups, chat-rooms, and e-newsletters) in 10 languages were carried out. Results. 25C-NBOMe is sold online as legal LSD or as research chemical with different designations such as “Boom,” “Pandora,” “Holland film,” or “N-bomb.” It is a partial agonist of 5-HT2A receptors. It is usually ingested orally/sublingually and, less commonly, nasally, through injection, vaginally, rectally, and smoked. Its effects include sublingual numbing, stimulation, “body high,” hallucinations, dissociation, and anxiety. 25C-NBOMe presents high risk of overdoses; acute toxicity and fatalities have been reported. Conclusions. 25C-NBOMe consumption represents an emerging phenomenon with potential harmful effects. Its use is increased by its online availability at low costs. Health and other professionals should be informed about this new trend of substance use.

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“…NBOMes produce an array of adverse effects (Hill et al, 2013;Rose et al, 2013;Bersani et al, 2014;EMCDDA, 2014;Forrester, 2014;Grautoff and Kähler, 2014;Lawn et al, 2014;Stellpflug et al, 2014;Suzuki et al, 2014;Tang et al, 2014;World Health Organization, 2014a,b;Hieger et al, 2015;Nikolaou et al, 2015;Poklis et al, 2015b;Srisuma et al, 2015;Wood et al, 2015;Gee et al, 2016;Kristofic et al, 2016;Hermanns-Clausen et al, 2017;Humston et al, 2017;Madsen et al, 2017;Rajotte et al, 2017;Schetz et al, 2017;Wiergowski et al, 2017;Zygowiec et al, 2017;Marchi et al, 2019;Erowid.org); for comprehensive reviews see Suzuki et al, 2015;Halberstadt, 2017).…”

Section: Effects Related To Use Of Nbomesunclassified

NBOMes–Highly Potent and Toxic Alternatives of LSD

2020

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Recently, a new class of psychedelic compounds named NBOMe (or 25X-NBOMe) has appeared on the illegal drug market. NBOMes are analogs of the 2C family of phenethylamine drugs, originally synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, that contain a N-(2-methoxy)benzyl substituent. The most frequently reported drugs from this group are 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, and 25C-NBOMe. NBOMe compounds are ultrapotent and highly efficacious agonists of serotonin 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2C receptors (Ki values in low nanomolar range) with more than 1000-fold selectivity for 5-HT 2A compared with 5-HT 1A. They display higher affinity for 5-HT 2A receptors than their 2C counterparts and have markedly lower affinity, potency, and efficacy at the 5-HT 2B receptor compared to 5-HT 2A or 5-HT 2C. The drugs are sold as blotter papers, or in powder, liquid, or tablet form, and they are administered sublingually/buccally, intravenously, via nasal insufflations, or by smoking. Since their introduction in the early 2010s, numerous reports have been published on clinical intoxications and fatalities resulting from the consumption of NBOMe compounds. Commonly observed adverse effects include visual and auditory hallucinations, confusion, anxiety, panic and fear, agitation, uncontrollable violent behavior, seizures, excited delirium, and sympathomimetic signs such mydriasis, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, and diaphoresis. Rhabdomyolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and multiorgan failure were also reported. This survey provides an updated overview of the pharmacological properties, pattern of use, metabolism, and desired effects associated with NBOMe use. Special emphasis is given to cases of nonfatal and lethal intoxication involving these compounds. As the analysis of NBOMes in biological materials can be challenging even for laboratories applying modern sensitive techniques, this paper also presents the analytical methods most commonly used for detection and identification of NBOMes and their metabolites.

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Lebensgefährliche Intoxikation mit der neuen psychoaktiven Substanz 25C-NBOMe

Abstract: In summary, 2 mg of 25C-NBOMe placed a young healthy man in a critical situation both acutely a few hours after ingestion due to a generalized seizure and during the subsequent days due to multiple organ failure.

Cited by 15 publications

References 5 publications

Designer drugs: mechanism of action and adverse effects

Designer drugs: mechanism of action and adverse effects

25C-NBOMe: Preliminary Data on Pharmacology, Psychoactive Effects, and Toxicity of a New Potent and Dangerous Hallucinogenic Drug

NBOMes–Highly Potent and Toxic Alternatives of LSD

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