Leber-Darm-Achse: Wie Darmbakterien die Leber beeinflussen

Konturek, Peter Christopher; Harsch, Igor Alexander; Konturek, Kathrin; Schink, Monic; Zopf, Yurdagül

doi:10.1007/s15006-018-1051-6

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…For example, the intestinal microbiota affects the development of the central nervous system through the gut-brain axis and modifications in the gut microbiome can lead to disorders in the central nervous system immune response, which may result in the related diseases such as depression, Parkinson's disease, or schizophrenia (Zhu et al, 2017(Zhu et al, , 2018a. Similarly, the gut-liver axis can be affected (Konturek et al, 2018), through which disorder in the intestinal microbiota generates the proliferation of harmful bacteria. Subsequently, the accumulation of toxic substances increases the risk of liver damage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics regulate the intestinal microbiota differentially and restore the relative abundance of specific gut microorganisms

Niu

Zou

et al. 2020

Journal of Dairy Science

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Fermented milk is an effective carrier for probiotics, the consumption of which improves host health. The beneficial effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on gut dysbiosis have been reported previously. However, the way in which specific probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics regulate intestinal microbes remains unclear. Therefore, the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus AS 1.2466 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842 and the prebiotics xylooligosaccharide and red ginseng extracts were fed to mice to determine their effects on the intestinal microbiota. Then, mice were administered xylooligosaccharide and L. rhamnosus (synthesis) by gavage, and the number of L. rhamnosus was determined in the intestine at different times. The results show that probiotics and prebiotics can quickly reduce the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, inhibit harmful bacteria (such as Klebsiella and Escherichia coli), and accelerate the recovery of beneficial intestinal microorganisms (such as Lactobacillus). In a complex intestinal microecology, different probiotics and prebiotics have different effects on specific intestinal microorganisms that cannot be recovered in the short term. In addition, after 20 d of intragastric xylooligosaccharide addition at 0.12 g/kg of body weight, L. rhamnosus colonization in the mouse ileum was 7.48 log cfu/mL, which was higher than in the lowdose group, prolonging colonization time and increasing the number of probiotics in the intestine. Therefore, this study demonstrated that probiotics and prebiot-ics can promote the balance of intestinal microbiota by regulating specific microbes in the intestine, and the effects of a suitable combination of synbiotics are beneficial, laying the foundation for the development of new dairy products rich in synbiotics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics regulate the intestinal microbiota differentially and restore the relative abundance of specific gut microorganisms

Niu

Zou

et al. 2020

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…Increased paracellular permeability gives luminal contents access to the underlying lamina propria and vascular network. Leakage of bacterial antigens into the vascular network, portal vein and liver leads to increased hepatic inflammation due to activation of immune signaling (76)(77)(78) (Figure 3). Indeed, metabolic diseases are often associated with a loss of intestinal barrier function and an increase in passive transport of microbial pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) into the body (79) (Figure 3).…”

Section: Changes In the Gut Microbiome Disrupt Gut Barrier Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can You Trust Your Gut? Implicating a Disrupted Intestinal Microbiome in the Progression of NAFLD/NASH

Jadhav

Cohen

2020

Front. Endocrinol.

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of disorders, ranging from fatty liver to a more insulin resistant, inflammatory and fibrotic state collectively termed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In the United States, 30%-40% of the adult population has fatty liver and 3%-12% has NASH, making it a major public health concern. Consumption of diets high in fat, obesity and Type II diabetes (T2D) are wellestablished risk factors; however, there is a growing body of literature suggesting a role for the gut microbiome in the development and progression of NAFLD. The gut microbiota is separated from the body by a monolayer of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) that line the small intestine and colon. The IEC layer is exposed to luminal contents, participates in selective uptake of nutrients and acts as a barrier to passive paracellular permeability of luminal contents through the expression of tight junctions (TJs) between adjacent IECs. A dysbiotic gut microbiome also leads to decreased gut barrier function by disrupting TJs and the gut vascular barrier (GVB), thus exposing the liver to microbial endotoxins. These endotoxins activate hepatic Toll-like receptors (TLRs), further promoting the progression of fatty liver to a more inflammatory and fibrotic NASH phenotype. This review will summarize major findings pertaining to aforementioned gut-liver interactions and its role in the pathophysiology of NAFLD.

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“…The intestinal barrier includes the intestinal mucosa epithelium, intestinal mucus, intestinal microbiota, secreted immunoglobulin, intestinal-associated lymphoid tissue, bile salts, and hormones [172]. When the intestinal barrier is impaired, gut microbiota and other toxins can enter the liver through the portal vein, which can affect liver function and lead to liver damage and various inflammatory and metabolic diseases, such as alcoholic liver disease, NAFLD, primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and cirrhosis [173].…”

Section: Effect Of Intestinal Permeability On the Livermentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Gut Microbiota in Neuroendocrine Regulation of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism via the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Liver Axis

2020

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Gut microbiota play an important role in maintaining intestinal health and are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids. Recent studies have shown that the central nervous system (CNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS) can interact with gut microbiota to regulate nutrient metabolism. The vagal nerve system communicates between the CNS and ENS to control gastrointestinal tract functions and feeding behavior. Vagal afferent neurons also express receptors for gut peptides that are secreted from enteroendocrine cells (EECs), such as cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, leptin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin). Gut microbiota can regulate levels of these gut peptides to influence the vagal afferent pathway and thus regulate intestinal metabolism via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In addition, bile acids, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) can also exert metabolic control through the microbiota-gut-liver axis. This review is mainly focused on the role of gut microbiota in neuroendocrine regulation of nutrient metabolism via the microbiota-gut-brain-liver axis.2 of 21 formate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate, which are related to maintaining intestinal epithelium and permeability [11]. Further, SCFAs regulate glucose and lipid metabolism as well as immune and inflammatory responses [12,13]. Hence, gut microbiota also plays an important role in immune systems, inflammation, and cancer prevention of the host [14,15]. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is reported to be involved in intestinal metabolic regulation, and enteric neurons and intestinal neurotransmitters play an important role in ENS regulation [16][17][18]. The gut contains full ENS reflex circuits, such as motor neurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons, and these neurons transfer information between the ENS and central nervous system (CNS). The vagal nerve pathway communicates between the CNS and ENS, which has remarkable impact on regulating gastrointestinal tract functions and feeding behavior [19,20]. Thus, the vagal nerve system is also involved in intestinal metabolic regulation through the gut-brain axis. Vagal afferent neurons express receptors for gut peptides, such as cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, leptin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and so on, which are secreted from enteroendocrine cells (EECs) [20][21][22]. When vagal afferent neurons sense these types of gut peptides, the corresponding gut information will transfer to the CNS and exert various reactions. At the same time, gut microbiota can regulate these gut peptides, such as CCK, ghrelin, leptin, PYY, GLP-1, 5-HT levels to influence vagal afferent pathway, and then regulated intestinal metabolic metabolism via the microbiota-gut-brain axis [23][24][25].The importance of the gut-brain axis in human health and disease has been known for a long period. However, it has only been re...

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Leber-Darm-Achse: Wie Darmbakterien die Leber beeinflussen

Cited by 10 publications

References 25 publications

Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics regulate the intestinal microbiota differentially and restore the relative abundance of specific gut microorganisms

Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics regulate the intestinal microbiota differentially and restore the relative abundance of specific gut microorganisms

Can You Trust Your Gut? Implicating a Disrupted Intestinal Microbiome in the Progression of NAFLD/NASH

Role of Gut Microbiota in Neuroendocrine Regulation of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism via the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Liver Axis

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