Leçons d'anatomie comparée

Cuvier, Georges; Duméril, C.

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.116068

Cited by 38 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…The unilateral accessory muscle described in our patient was first witnessed in animals by Curvier (1800); it is specifically found in amphibians, certain reptiles, and in most mammals, especially domestic animals (Corning,1902). However, it does not typically exist in most monkeys or human (Whitnall,1911).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Accessory eye muscle in a young boy with external ophthalmoplegia

et al. 2011

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A seven-year-old boy presented to the neuropediatric clinic with right-sided ptosis, external ophthalmoplegia, and mental retardation. Orbital magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed anomalous soft tissue within the intraconal region, which was interpreted as an atavistic retractor bulbi muscle. In patients with external ophthalmoplegia and ptosis, anatomic variations observed in MRI should be given due consideration. In fact, knowledge about rare anatomical anomalies may contribute to a more accurate diagnosis of such ocular symptoms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Accessory eye muscle in a young boy with external ophthalmoplegia

et al. 2011

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“…At the beginning of the nineteenth century it was generally assumed that the OFTs of chondrichthyan and teleostean hearts were similar morphological structures. Cuvier () originally pointed out that the arterial orifice of the fish cardiac ventricle was not directly connected to the ventral aorta, but to a bulge that he termed a bulbus or pedicle. According to Cuvier, the shape of the bulbus varied widely among species; it was cylindrical in rays and sharks, but piriform or oval in teleosts.…”

Section: Historical Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The anatomical components of the cardiac outflow tract of chondrichthyans and actinopterygians

et al. 2018

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The outflow tract of the fish heart is the segment interposed between the ventricle and the ventral aorta. It holds the valves that prevent blood backflow from the gill vasculature to the ventricle. The anatomical composition, histological structure and evolutionary changes in the fish cardiac outflow tract have been under discussion for nearly two centuries and are still subject to debate. This paper offers a brief historical review of the main conceptions about the cardiac outflow tract components of chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fish) and actinopterygians (ray-finned fish) which have been put forward since the beginning of the nineteenth century up to the current day. We focus on the evolutionary origin of the outflow tract components and the changes to which they have been subject in the major extant groups of chondrichthyans and actinopterygians. In addition, an attempt is made to infer the primitive anatomical design of the heart of the gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates). Finally, several areas of further investigation are suggested. Recent work on fish heart morphology has shown that the cardiac outflow tract of chondrichthyans does not consist exclusively of the myocardial conus arteriosus as classically thought. A conus arteriosus and a bulbus arteriosus, devoid of myocardium and mainly composed of elastin and smooth muscle, are usually present in cartilaginous and ray-finned fish. This is consistent with the suggestion that both components coexisted from the onset of the gnathostome radiation. There is evidence that the conus arteriosus appeared in the agnathans. By contrast, the evolutionary origin of the bulbus is still unclear. It is almost certain that in all fish, both the conus and bulbus develop from the embryonic second heart field. We suggest herein that the primitive anatomical heart of the jawed vertebrates consisted of a sinus venosus containing the pacemaker tissue, an atrium possessing trabeculated myocardium, an atrioventricular region with compact myocardium which supported the atrioventricular valves, a ventricle composed of mixed myocardium, and an outflow tract consisting of a conus arteriosus, with compact myocardium in its wall and valves at its luminal side, and a non-myocardial bulbus arteriosus that connected the conus with the ventral aorta. Chondrichthyans have retained this basic anatomical design of the heart. In actinopterygians, the heart has been subject to notable changes during evolution. Among them, the following two should be highlighted: (i) a decrease in size of the conus in combination with a remarkable development of the bulbus, especially in teleosts; and (ii) loss of the myocardial compact layer of the ventricle in many teleost species.

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“…Adaptation has been defined as the functional adjustment of organisms to environmental conditions . In evolutionary biology, there is a fundamental concept: organisms facing stressful situations can either adapt or disappear.…”

Section: Anopheles and Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The changes in mosquito vector behaviour and the emerging resistance to insecticides will challenge the decline of malaria

Sokhna

Ndiath

Rogier

2013

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

129

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The preventive measures against malaria recommended by the WHO include anti-vector procedures such as indoor residual spraying, the use of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed-nets, and the destruction of larval breeding sites. The presence of insecticide-treated materials inside the mosquito habitat has consequences for the vector's population, reducing density, survival, contact with humans, and feeding frequency. However, the effectiveness of these tools is being challenged by the emergence of insecticide resistance. The evolution of resistance to insecticides in Anopheles threatens to thwart the goal of decreasing malaria transmission, in an arms race between malaria control programmes and the vector populations. Multiple mechanisms of resistance to insecticides have been observed in Anopheles populations, including target site mutation (knockdown resistance), increased metabolic detoxification, and remarkable behavioural adaptation. These disturbing observations all show the capacity of Anopheles to adapt to and circumvent strategies aimed at reducing malaria transmission. Thus, by using nets to protect ourselves, are we providing Anopheles with the entire arsenal needed to hit much harder?

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Leçons d'anatomie comparée

Cited by 38 publications

References 0 publications

Accessory eye muscle in a young boy with external ophthalmoplegia

Accessory eye muscle in a young boy with external ophthalmoplegia

The anatomical components of the cardiac outflow tract of chondrichthyans and actinopterygians

The changes in mosquito vector behaviour and the emerging resistance to insecticides will challenge the decline of malaria

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