The
rapid rise in research interest in carbohydrate-based polymers
is undoubtedly due to the nontoxic nature of such materials in an
in vivo environment and the versatile roles that the polymers can
play in cellular functions. Such polymers have served as therapeutic
tools for drug delivery, including antigens, proteins, and genes,
as well as diagnostic devices. Our focus in the first half of this
Review is on synthetic methods based on ring-opening polymerization
and enzyme-catalyzed polymerization, along with controlled radical
polymerization. In the second half of this Review, sugar-based polymers
are discussed on the basis of their remarkable success in competitive
receptor binding, as multifunctional nanocarriers of targeting inhibitors
for cancer treatment, in genome-editing delivery, in immunotherapy
based on endogenous antibody recruitment, and in treatment of respiratory
diseases, including influenza A. Particular emphasis is put on the
synthesis and biopharmaceutical applications of sugar-based polymers
published in the most recent 5 years. A noticeable attribute of carbohydrate-based
polymers is that the sugarâreceptor interactions can be facilitated
by the cooperative effect of multiple sugar units. Their diversified
topology and structures will drive the development of new synthetic
strategies and bring about important applications, including coronavirus-related
drug therapy.