“…Class participation is a multidimensional concept that comprises many aspects that suggest evidence of student engagement, such as preparation prior to class (Dancer & Kamvounias, 2005;Hard & RaoShah, 2021), attendance (Dancer & Kamvounias, 2005;Fritschner, 2000;Hard & RaoShah, 2021), contribution to class activities and discussions (Dallimore et al, 2010;Dancer & Kamvounias, 2005;Fritschner, 2000;Xu & Qiu, 2020) and frequent small tasks (Tang et al, 2020;Thomlinson et al, 2010). Past research shows that these activities lead to personal and professional growth in students (Jones, 2008), result in a better understanding and retention of the material (Precourt & Gainor, 2019), enable students to demonstrate a broader range of skills (Richardson, 2015) and improve students' performance (Papageorgiou, 2019;Paisey & Paisey, 2004;Precourt & Gainor, 2019). Grading class participation is one of the most popular techniques instructors use to encourage it, as students prioritize graded components in their coursework (Rocca, 2010).…”