Left–right coding of past and future in language: The mental timeline during sentence processing

Ulrich, Rolf; Maienborn, Claudia

doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.08.001

Cited by 110 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The result by Sell and Kaschak (2011), however, is seemingly at variance with the result of several further studies that failed to observe automatic activation of the mental time line at the sentence level (Maienborn, AlexRuf, Eikmeier, & Ulrich, 2015;Ulrich & Maienborn, 2010;Ulrich et al, 2012; for a review see Eikmeier et al, 2016). Two reasons are conceivable for this inconsistent result pattern.…”

Section: It Is Important To Learn Paintbrush Techniquescontrasting

confidence: 54%

A Replication of ``Processing time shifts affects the execution of motor responses (Sell & Kaschak, 2011; Experiment 1)''

Scheifele¹,

Eikmeier²,

Alex-Ruf³

et al. 2018

TQMP

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The present study is a replication of Sell and Kaschak's (2011) Experiment 1 (Movement Condition). The original stimulus material (short texts compromising three sentences) was translated from English into German. We successfully replicated the basic congruency effect of the original study, that is, the interaction effect between direction of manual response and time reference when participants perform a sensicality judgment. In contrast to the original study, this congruency effect was not significantly modulated by the magnitude of time shift. Nevertheless, when the congruency effect was evaluated separately for large and small time shifts, it was significant for large but not for small time shifts. In sum, this replication reinforces the basic conclusion by Sell and Kaschak that the timeline becomes automatically activated when processing temporal sentence information, especially when the time shift is large.

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Section: It Is Important To Learn Paintbrush Techniquescontrasting

confidence: 54%

A Replication of ``Processing time shifts affects the execution of motor responses (Sell & Kaschak, 2011; Experiment 1)''

Scheifele¹,

Eikmeier²,

Alex-Ruf³

et al. 2018

TQMP

Self Cite

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“…Participants tended to respond faster to past-related (futurerelated) words with a left (a right) keypress. This space-time congruency effect has been replicated under various conditions (e.g., Santiago et al 2007;Ulrich and Maienborn 2010;Weger and Pratt 2008) and observed for back-front mappings of past and future, as well (e.g., Hartmann and Mast 2012;Sell and Kaschak 2011;Torralbo et al 2006;Ulrich et al 2012). Furthermore, the influence of spatial information on temporal judgments is stronger than the influence of temporal information on spatial judgments (for which there usually is no effect at all), suggesting an asymmetrical dependency of time and space (Casasanto and Boroditsky 2008;Casasanto et al 2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 77%

Dimensional overlap between time and space

et al. 2013

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Several pieces of evidence suggest that our mental representations of time and space are linked. However, the extent of this linkage between the two domains has not yet been assessed. We present the results of two experiments that draw on the predictions of the dimensional overlap model (Kornblum, Hasbroucq, & Osman, Psychological Review 97:253-270, 1990). The stimulus and response sets in these reaction time experiments were related to either time or space. The obtained stimulus-response congruency effects were of about the same size for identical stimulus-response sets (timetime or space-space) and for different stimulus-response sets (time-space or space-time). These results support the view that our representations of time and space are strongly linked.

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“…Polarity differences have often been discussed as an alternative explanation for metaphor congruency effects (e.g., Pecher, Van Dantzig, Boot, Zanolie, & Huber, 2010;Schubert, 2005;Ulrich & Maienborn, 2010;Vallesi et al, 2008;Van Dantzig, Zeelenberg, & Pecher, 2009;Weger & Pratt, 2008), but whether polarity differences can explain previously observed metaphor congruency effects has never been examined. Given that most studies have examined how concepts are structured in vertical space (see Landau, Meier, & Keefer, 2010), this article examines the mechanisms through which the vertical position of stimuli influence the speed with which abstract bi-polar concepts are categorized.…”

Section: Polarity Differences Vs Interference Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polarity correspondence in metaphor congruency effects: Structural overlap predicts categorization times for bipolar concepts presented in vertical space.

Lakens¹

2012

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

100

143

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Previous research has shown that words presented on metaphor congruent locations (e.g., positive words UP on the screen and negative words DOWN on the screen) are categorized faster than words presented on metaphor incongruent stimuli (e.g., positive words DOWN and negative words UP). These findings have been explained in terms of an interference effect:The meaning associated with UP and DOWN vertical space can automatically interfere with the categorization of words with a metaphorically incongruent meaning. The current studies test an alternative explanation for the interaction between the vertical position of abstract concepts and the speed with which these stimuli are categorized. Research on polarity differences (basic asymmetries in the way dimensions are processed) predicts that +polar endpoints of dimensions (e.g., positive, moral, UP) are categorized faster than -polar endpoints of dimensions (e.g., negative, immoral, DOWN). Furthermore, the polarity correspondence principle predicts that stimuli where polarities correspond (e.g., positive words presented UP) provide an additional processing benefit compared to stimuli where polarities do not correspond (e.g., negative words presented UP). A meta-analysis (Study 1) shows that a polarity account provides a better explanation of reaction times patterns in previous studies than an interference explanation. An experiment (Study 2) reveals that controlling for the polarity benefit of +polar words compared to -polar words did not only remove the main effect of word polarity, but also the interaction between word meaning and vertical position due to polarity correspondence. These results reveal that metaphor congruency effects should not be interpreted as automatic associations between vertical locations and word meaning, but are more parsimoniously explained by their structural overlap in polarities.

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Left–right coding of past and future in language: The mental timeline during sentence processing

Cited by 110 publications

References 44 publications

A Replication of ``Processing time shifts affects the execution of motor responses (Sell & Kaschak, 2011; Experiment 1)''

A Replication of ``Processing time shifts affects the execution of motor responses (Sell & Kaschak, 2011; Experiment 1)''

Dimensional overlap between time and space

Polarity correspondence in metaphor congruency effects: Structural overlap predicts categorization times for bipolar concepts presented in vertical space.

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