Leg Gangrene and Endotoxin Shock Due to<i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i>— An Infection Acquired in New England Coastal Waters

Roland, F

doi:10.1056/nejm197006042822306

Cited by 129 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Vibrio cholerae non-O1 (55) has caused cystitis in swimmers in the Chesapeake Bay, Virginia (56). Cases of central nervous system disease, wound infections, and osteomyelitis have resulted from wounds exposed to V. alginolyticus in saltwater (57)(58)(59), and leg gangrene and sepsis have been attributed to V. parahaemolyticus exposure in New England coastal waters (60). V. vulnificus (61,62) has caused endometritis (63), serious wound infections, and fatal septicemia.…”

Section: Recreation-related Waterborne Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on water- and foodborne diseases caused by microbiologic agents.

Rose

Epstein

Lipp

et al. 2001

Environ Health Perspect

203

156

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Exposure to waterborne and foodborne pathogens can occur via drinking water (associated with fecal contamination), seafood (due to natural microbial hazards, toxins, or wastewater disposal) or fresh produce (irrigated or processed with contaminated water). Weather influences the transport and dissemination of these microbial agents via rainfall and runoff and the survival and/or growth through such factors as temperature. Federal and state laws and regulatory programs protect much of the U.S. population from waterborne disease; however, if climate variability increases, current and future deficiencies in areas such as watershed protection, infrastructure, and storm drainage systems will probably increase the risk of contamination events. Knowledge about transport processes and the fate of microbial pollutants associated with rainfall and snowmelt is key to predicting risks from a change in weather variability. Although recent studies identified links between climate variability and occurrence of microbial agents in water, the relationships need further quantification in the context of other stresses. In the marine environment as well, there are few studies that adequately address the potential health effects of climate variability in combination with other stresses such as overfishing, introduced species, and rise in sea level. Advances in monitoring are necessary to enhance early-warning and prevention capabilities. Application of existing technologies, such as molecular fingerprinting to track contaminant sources or satellite remote sensing to detect coastal algal blooms, could be expanded. This assessment recommends incorporating a range of future scenarios of improvement plans for current deficiencies in the public health infrastructure to achieve more realistic risk assessments.

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Section: Recreation-related Waterborne Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on water- and foodborne diseases caused by microbiologic agents.

Rose

Epstein

Lipp

et al. 2001

Environ Health Perspect

203

156

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“…Strains isolated from clinical specimens and displaying hemolysis on selected media (Kanagawa-phenomenon positive) are considered to be enteropathogenic [30,39,49], whereas nonhemolytic (Kanagawa-phenomenon negative) seafood or seawater isolates are generally considered non-enteropathogenic [19,37,38]. The problem is further complicated by the frequent isolation of several different serotypes of V. parahaemolyticus during an outbreak of food poisoning [7,8].Biologically active components (hemolysins) from selected strains of V.parahaemolyticus have been isolated which do not, however, account for the spectrum of gastroenteritis symptoms observed in clinical cases [12,17,19,25,28,29,31,36,50,51]. A single case of endotoxin shock and leg gangrene due to infections by V. parahaemolyticus following an attack of gastroenteritis has been demonstrated [36].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biologically active components (hemolysins) from selected strains of V.parahaemolyticus have been isolated which do not, however, account for the spectrum of gastroenteritis symptoms observed in clinical cases [12,17,19,25,28,29,31,36,50,51]. A single case of endotoxin shock and leg gangrene due to infections by V. parahaemolyticus following an attack of gastroenteritis has been demonstrated [36].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Tolerance and Other Biological Properties of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Endotoxins

Sochard

Colwell

1976

Japanese Journal of Microbiology

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Biological properties of endotoxins prepared from three strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were compared with reference to commercially prepared Salmonella typhi endotoxin. Endotoxin assays performed in rabbits included dermal Shwartzman reactivity, pyrogenicity, heat stability, and ability to induce tolerance as well as cross-tolerance.Mice were used for endotoxin LD50 determinations. Results showed V. parahaemolyticus endotoxins were similar to that of S.typhi strain 0901.Induction of tolerance to V. parahaemolyticus strain 11590 endotoxin resulted in complete cross-tolerance to S. typhi endotoxin, and vice versa. Partial cross-tolerance to S. typhi endotoxin was demonstrated with rabbits rendered tolerant to endotoxin from V. parahaemolyticus strains Sak-3 and FC 1011. Absorption spectra, nitrogen, phosphorus and carbohydrate analyses revealed additional similarities between endotoxins from V. parahaemolyticus and endotoxin from a member of the Enterobacteriaceae.Known in Japan for two decades as a causative agent of large outbreaks of seafoodassociated poisoning, Vibrio parahaemolyticus has recently been found associated with similar outbreaks in the U.S.A. [1,4,7,8,14,26,40,42,43], and other countries [2,3]. Nevertheless, the mode of pathogenesis of V. parahaemolyticus is poorly understood. Strains isolated from clinical specimens and displaying hemolysis on selected media (Kanagawa-phenomenon positive) are considered to be enteropathogenic [30,39,49], whereas nonhemolytic (Kanagawa-phenomenon negative) seafood or seawater isolates are generally considered non-enteropathogenic [19,37,38]. The problem is further complicated by the frequent isolation of several different serotypes of V. parahaemolyticus during an outbreak of food poisoning [7,8].Biologically active components (hemolysins) from selected strains of V.parahaemolyticus have been isolated which do not, however, account for the spectrum of gastroenteritis symptoms observed in clinical cases [12,17,19,25,28,29,31,36,50,51]. A single case of endotoxin shock and leg gangrene due to infections by V. parahaemolyticus following an attack of gastroenteritis has been demonstrated [36].Endotoxins from V.parahaemolyticus have not previously been studied, although some chemical analyses ofO antigens [44,45] and K antigens have been reported [32,33]. The purpose of this research was to study the biological properties of V.parahaemolyticus endotoxins and to determine if they are similar to endotoxins classically prepared from selected members of the Enterobacteriaceae, such as Salmonella typhi.

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“…Halophilic vibrios have gained increasing attention since it became clear that one of them, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, is an important causative organism of gastroenteritis and food poisoning, and also, though less often, causes tissue infection and septicemia (1, 4,5,13,16,17). In addition, V. alginolyticus has been isolated from infections of the extremities, eyes and ears of individuals who have been in contact with the marine environment (5,11,14,17).…”

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confidence: 99%

A Halophilic Vibrio Isolated from a Case of Chronic Cholecystitis

Konishi

Yamagishi

Sakamoto

1981

Microbiology and Immunology

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We found a halophilic vibrio in B bile from a 75-year-old female patient with chronic cholecystitis, and examined its biochemical characteristics. The organisms are gram-negative short rods or comma shaped, with some ring forms. They have a single polar flagellum, but no capsule. The strains can grow in peptone water with 1.0 to 4.0% NaCI, but not with no NaCI or 6.0% NaCI. The characteristics of the organisms are positive dextrose fermentation, catalase, oxidase, and ornithine decarboxylase, and negative lysine decarboxylase, arginine dihydrolase, and absence of gas from glucose. They are sensitive to 2,4-diamine-6,7-diisopropyl pteridine (0/129). These characteristics indicate that the isolated strain should be a halophilic vibrio. However, no growth on Salmonella-Shigella (SS), SS with added sucrose and bromcresol purple (SS-SB), MacConkey's or thiosulfate citrate bile salts (TCBS) agar plates was demonstrated. Nitrate reduction, Simmons' citrate agar, indole, o-nitrophenol-p-d-galactopyranoside (ONPG), motility and esculin hydrolysis were positive. Urease, gelatinase, VogesProskauer, phenylalanine deaminase and malonate reactions were negative. Acid was produced from amygdalin, arabinose, cellobiose, fructose, galactose, glucose, lactose, maltose, mannitol, salicin, starch, sucrose, trehalose, and xylose, but not from adonitol, dulcitol, inositol, mannose, melibiose, raffinose, rhamnose and sorbitol. From these characteristics the isolate is considered to be not identical with V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae, V. oulnificus or other vibrios. It can be presumed that this isolate represents another species of halophilic vibrio.

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Leg Gangrene and Endotoxin Shock Due toVibrio parahaemolyticus— An Infection Acquired in New England Coastal Waters

Cited by 129 publications

References 4 publications

Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on water- and foodborne diseases caused by microbiologic agents.

Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on water- and foodborne diseases caused by microbiologic agents.

Tolerance and Other Biological Properties of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Endotoxins

A Halophilic Vibrio Isolated from a Case of Chronic Cholecystitis

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