Leg size and muscle functions associated with leg compliance

Convertino, Víctor A.; Doerr, D. F.; Flores, J. F.; Hoffler, G. W.; Buchanan, Paul

doi:10.1152/jappl.1988.64.3.1017

Cited by 58 publications

(58 citation statements)

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“…It is suggested that the leg venous compliance is smaller when a large muscle mass is providing structural support to limit the expansion of the veins [19]. Muscle mass is decreased with advancing age because of muscle atrophy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age-Related Influences of Leg Vein Filling and Emptying on Blood Volume Redistribution and Sympathetic Reflex during Lower Body Negative Pressure in Humans.

Iwase

Niimi

et al. 2002

JJP

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In aged people, decreases in stroke volume and cardiac output during orthostatic challenge were found to be reduced [1][2][3]. Although the exact mechanisms have not been well clarified, it is supposed that the stiffness of the vessels is greater in the elderly, blunting venous pooling in the legs and reducing the drop in central blood volume in an upright position [4].Olsen et al. [5] observed that baseline leg venous compliance was smaller, and the capacitance response in the legs to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) was lower in elderly people. They proposed that the decreased leg venous compliance with advancing age and the concomitant reduction in capacitance response during LBNP could have implications for both the sympathetic reflex and the cardiovascular responses during acute hypovolemic circulatory stress, which might be diminished in aged people. Their recent study suggested that the attenuated cardiovascular responsiveness found in the elderly during orthostasis seemed to be caused by a reduction in leg capacitance response and a concomitant smaller central hypovolemic stimulus rather than a reduced efficiency of the reflex response [6]. However, no work has been done to investigate simultaneously the venous system, Japanese Journal of Physiology, 52, 77-84, 2002 Key words: venous distensibility index, half-emptying time, muscle sympathetic nerve activity, gravitational stress. Abstract:To test the hypothesis that leg vein filling and emptying functions could be impaired with advancing age, which would produce less blood volume redistribution toward the lower body and smaller sympathetic reflex response during mild gravitational stress, 9 young and 10 elderly healthy males were exposed to a lower body negative pressure (LBNP) of 15 mmHg. Venous occlusion plethysmography was used to determine the functions of the leg veins. We found that the baseline venous distensibility index (VDI) was lower (0.057Ϯ0.004 vs. 0.048Ϯ 0.003 ml · 1 00 ml, young vs. elderly; pϽ0.05), and half-emptying time (T 1/2 ) was shorter (1.6Ϯ0.1 vs. 1.3Ϯ0.1 s, young vs. elderly; pϽ0.05) in the elderly. At 15 mmHg-LBNP, VDI was decreased and T 1/2 was shortened significantly in the young group, but only slightly in the elderly group. Neither blood pressure nor heart rate changed significantly in either group. The reduction in peripheral venous pressure, which was recorded from the left antecubital vein at the cubital fossa, was less in the elderly, indicating a smaller decrease in central blood volume during LBNP; however, the enhancement of muscle sympathetic nerve activity was nearly the same as that in the young. We conclude that leg vein filling and emptying functions are impaired in elderly people, producing less blood pooling in the legs and smaller reduction in peripheral venous pressure during LBNP; the maintained sympathetic reflex response might be attributable to the well-preserved baroreflex function control of sympathetic outflow to the muscle in the elderly.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This can increase the leg venous compliance and the venous distensibility. However, the characteristics of the skeletal muscle surrounding the veins are supposed to be a major factor in leg venous compliance [19]. The skeletal muscle tone may affect the venous distension or the capacity of veins to store more blood [7].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related Influences of Leg Vein Filling and Emptying on Blood Volume Redistribution and Sympathetic Reflex during Lower Body Negative Pressure in Humans.

Iwase

Niimi

et al. 2002

JJP

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“…Limb blood flow at rest and after ischemia was evaluated by means of venous occlusion plethysmography (EC6 Strain Gauge and Photo Plethysmograph, D. E. Hokanson Inc., Bellevue, WA, USA) [8,16]. A mercury-in-Silastic strain-gauge connected to a plethysmograph was positioned around the right forearm at the largest circumference.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postischemic cutaneous hyperperfusion in the presence of forearm hypoperfusion suggests sympathetic vasomotor dysfunction in Fabry disease

Stemper

Hilz

2003

J Neurol

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In Fabry disease, deficiency of alpha-galactosidase A induces glycolipid storage that accounts for neuropathy, renal failure, myocardial infarction and stroke. Vascular crises may be precipitated by stressful conditions. To evaluate pathomechanisms of overall organ versus microvessel perfusion in response to ischemic challenge, we assessed resting and postischemic forearm and skin blood flow in Fabry patients. In 14 Fabry patients and 15 healthy controls, we measured resting and postischemic forearm blood flow by means of venous occlusion plethysmography and superficial index finger skin blood flow using laser Doppler flowmetry. At rest, arterial inflow into the limb was averaged from eight venous occlusion measurements and expressed as % volume change/minute. Postischemic plethysmographic inflow was determined from the peak influx during the first venous occlusion following three minutes of ischemia. Transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures at the forearm were monitored continuously. At rest, plethysmographic forearm perfusion was 15% lower in patients than in controls (p < 0.05) while skin blood flow did not differ between patients and controls. After ischemia, forearm hyperperfusion was less pronounced in patients than in controls (p < 0.05), while skin perfusion almost doubled in patients but increased only slightly in controls. Transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide pressures did not differ between both groups. We conclude that the reduced overall limb perfusion at rest and after ischemia is likely to be due to lipid deposition with increased rigidity, decreased distensibility and lowered diameter of the vasculature. The exaggerated skin perfusion after ischemia might be attributable to the small fiber neuropathy of Fabry patients with deficient vasoconstrictor tone and enhanced vasodilatation due to hypersensitivity of denervated intracutaneous nerve fibers towards ischemia.

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“…muscle mass and interstitial fluid) than when measuring whole leg compliance with plethysmography (De Groot et al 2005). Introduced by Convertino et al (1988), the cross-sectional area of the calf muscle would be the most dominant contributing factor to the determination of leg compliance by providing structural support to the veins to limit the expansion with increasing pressures. A decrease in muscle mass would therefore lead to an increase in venous compliance.…”

Section: Bed Rest and Venous Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of bed rest and an exercise countermeasure on leg venous function

et al. 2008

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This study was performed to assess the effect of resistive vibration exercise during bed rest deconditioning on venous vascular dimension and function, as measured with ultrasound in the popliteal vein. Sixteen men were assigned to bed rest (BR-Ctrl) or bed rest with resistive vibration exercise (BR-RVE). Before and at 25 and 52 days of bed rest, popliteal vein diameter was measured at increasing cuff pressures. Venous capacitance and compliance were calculated from the pressure-volume curve. After 52 days of bed rest, BR-Ctrl showed no change in baseline popliteal vein diameter or compliance, while venous capacitance decreased. Resistive vibration exercise had no effect on the response in venous diameter, capacitance or compliance to 52 days of bed rest. The decline in venous capacitance due to long-term bed rest is not effectively counteracted by resistive vibration exercise, indicating that an alternative factor during bed rest deconditioning is responsible for venous changes.

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Leg size and muscle functions associated with leg compliance

Cited by 58 publications

References 0 publications

Age-Related Influences of Leg Vein Filling and Emptying on Blood Volume Redistribution and Sympathetic Reflex during Lower Body Negative Pressure in Humans.

Age-Related Influences of Leg Vein Filling and Emptying on Blood Volume Redistribution and Sympathetic Reflex during Lower Body Negative Pressure in Humans.

Postischemic cutaneous hyperperfusion in the presence of forearm hypoperfusion suggests sympathetic vasomotor dysfunction in Fabry disease

The effect of bed rest and an exercise countermeasure on leg venous function

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