Leg stiffness during running in highly cushioned shoes with a carbon-fiber plate and traditional shoes

Hata, Keiichiro; Noro, Hiroaki; Takeshita, Tomonari; Yamazaki, Yoichi; Yanagiya, Toshio

doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.03.021

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Contrary to our hypothesis, running in the SUPER did not affect leg stiffness, despite the relatively more compliant midsole foam in the SUPER compared with CON condition. These results are consistent with recent findings from Hata et al (35) that leg stiffness was not different between “super-shoes” (Nike ZoomX Vaporfly NEXT%) and control shoes (MEDIFOAM Melos MF-003) at 20 km·h −1 . The authors suggested that the lower hysteresis of the “super-shoe” midsole foam may assist in increasing leg spring, but the results failed to prove this, and our findings further confirm the unaffected leg stiffness between shoes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

The Influence of “Super-Shoes” and Foot Strike Pattern on Metabolic Cost and Joint Mechanics in Competitive Female Runners

MARTINEZ,

HOOGKAMER,

POWELL

et al. 2024

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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“Super-shoes” are designed to improve endurance running performance by reducing the metabolic demands of running. While the research on “super-shoes” is still developing and has mostly been studied in male runners, it is not clear how possible mediating factors, such as foot strike pattern, influence the metabolic cost and joint mechanics in competitive female runners. Purpose To assess the influence of “super-shoes” on metabolic cost and joint mechanics in competitive female runners, and to understand how foot strike pattern may influence the footwear effects. Methods Eighteen competitive female runners ran four 5-minute bouts on a force instrumented treadmill at 12.9 km·h-1 in: 1) Nike Vaporfly Next% 2TM (SUPER) and 2) Nike Pegasus 38TM (CON) in a randomized and mirrored order. Results Metabolic power was improved by 4.2% (p < 0.001; d = 0.43) and MTP negative work (p < 0.001; d = 1.22), ankle negative work (p = 0.001; d = 0.67), and ankle positive work (p < 0.001; d = 0.97) were all smaller when running in SUPER compared to CON. There was no correlation between foot strike pattern and the between-shoe (CON to SUPER) percent change for metabolic power (r = 0.093, p = 0.715). Conclusions Metabolic power improved by 4.2% in “super-shoes” (but only by ~3.2% if controlling for shoe mass differences) in this cohort of competitive female runners which is a smaller improvement than previously observed in men. The reduced mechanical demand at the MTP and ankle in “super-shoes” are consistent with previous literature and may explain or contribute to the metabolic improvements observed in “super-shoes”, however foot strike pattern was not a moderating factor for the metabolic improvements of “super-shoes”. Future studies should directly compare the metabolic response among different types of “super-shoes” between men and women.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

The Influence of “Super-Shoes” and Foot Strike Pattern on Metabolic Cost and Joint Mechanics in Competitive Female Runners

MARTINEZ,

HOOGKAMER,

POWELL

et al. 2024

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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“…In the current study, we found an average increase in step length of ~2 cm in national runners and an increase of ~1 cm in trained runner along with a proportional decrease in step frequency. Previous studies also reported a similar increasing step length (3,4,42) and step frequency decrease (41,42) in shoes with greater LBS compared with traditional shoes in national runners and trained runners (24). Our results show that trained runners, as opposed to national runners, increased contact time 0.01 s during running in shoes with increased LBS.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…It has been shown that across different runners greater vertical oscillation is related to worse RE (44), so increased vertical oscillation at slow velocity in the national runners could potentially explain this group's failure to improve the RE at slow velocity with shoes with increased LBS. Keeping in mind that the running pattern and running kinematics are a dynamic system with several intercon-nected variables (45), the different energy savings between groups might be due to the combination of many but small biomechanical adaptations (42).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Running Shoe Longitudinal Bending Stiffness on Running Economy and Performance in Trained and National Level Runners

Rodrigo-Carranza

Hoogkamer

Salinero

et al. 2023

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Introduction/purpose Previous results about longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS) and running economy (RE) show high variability. This study aimed to assess the effects of shoes with increased LBS on RE and performance in trained and national runners. Methods Twenty-eight male runners were divided into two groups according to their 10-km performance times (trained: 38–45 min and national runners: <34 min). Subjects ran 2 x 3 min (at 9 and 13 km‧hr-1 for trained, and 13 and 17 km‧hr-1 for national runners) with an experimental shoe with carbon fiber plate to increase the LBS (Increased LBS) and a control shoe (without carbon fiber plate). We measured energy cost of running (W/kg) and spatiotemporal parameters in visit one and participants performed a 3,000 m time trial (TT) in two successive visits. Results Increased LBS improved RE in the trained group at slow (11.41 ± 0.93 vs 11.86 ± 0.93 W·kg-1) and fast velocity (15.89 ± 1.24 vs 16.39 ± 1.24 W·kg-1) and only at the fast velocity in the national group (20.35 ± 1.45 vs 20.78 ± 1.18 W·kg-1). The improvements in RE were accompanied by different changes in biomechanical variables between groups. There was a similar improvement in the 3,000 m TT test in Increased LBS for trained (639 ± 59 vs 644 ± 61 s in control shoes) and national runners (569 ± 21 vs 574 ± 21 s in control shoes) with more constant pace in increased LBS compared to control shoes in both groups. Conclusions Increasing shoe LBS improved RE at slow and fast velocities in trained and only at fast velocity in national runners. However, the 3,000 m TT test improved similarly in both levels of runners with increased LBS. The improvements in RE are accompanied by small modifications in running kinematics that could explain the difference between the different levels of runners.

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“…Previous studies have reported similar step frequency decreases (1.3-1.9%) 25,44 and proportional step length increases (1.2-1.4%) 4,43,44 in AFT road shoes compared to traditional running shoes during treadmill running at constant speeds 4,43–45 , during track running in AFT road shoes (1.3-2.7%), 29 and recently in AFT spikes (1.9-2.3%). 14 However, the increases in step length we observed here in PEBA+Plate (4.7-6.2%) are substantially larger than those reported before.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Influence of advanced footwear technology spikes on middle- and long-distance running performance measures in trained runners

Rodrigo-Carranza,

Muñoz de la Cruz,

Hoogkamer

2024

Preprint

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PurposeThe aim of this study was to examine the influence of different spikes technologies on running economy and middle- and long-distance performance in trained runners.MethodsFourteen trained female and sixteen trained male runners participated in this study. Females performed a single visit with six 200 m trials at self-perceived 800 m race pace in three different spike conditions (Control, PEBA and PEBA+Plate) twice in a mirrored order, and three 800 m trials at 4.44 m/s in each spike condition. Males completed four visits. During the first three visits they performed six 200 m trials at self-perceived 800 m race pace in each spike condition. Subsequently, they performed a 3,000 m time trial in one of the three spike conditions. During visit four, participants completed six 4-minute running economy trials at 5 m/s, twice in each condition.ResultsThe main effect for spike condition was significant for speed at 800 m pace (p<0.001) in females and males, for speed during the 3,000 m time trial (p=0.013) in males and for running economy at 5 m/s, (p<0.001) in males.ConclusionAt 800 m race pace females ran faster in PEBA (2.1%) and PEBA+Plate (2.0%) compared to Control. Males ran faster in PEBA (1.2%) and PEBA+Plate (2.8%) compared to Control and in PEBA+Plate than in PEBA (1.5%). Similarly, males ran the 3,000 m time trial faster in PEBA (1.0%) and PEBA+Plate (2.4%) than in Control. Running economy at 5 m/s was better in PEBA (5.1%) and PEBA+Plate (4.0%) than in Control.Key pointsAdvanced Spikes Technology (PEBA and PEBA+Plate) improved middle and long-distance running performance measures compared to traditional spikes.PEBA (2.1%; 1.2%) and PEBA+Plate (2.0%; 2.7%) spikes improved average self-perceived 800 m race pace speed in females and males, respectively, compared to control spikes.In the 3,000 m time trials, males improved their speed by 1.0% when they used the PEBA spikes while they improved by 2.4% when they used the PEBA+Plate spikes.At 5 m/s running economy improved by 5.1% and 4.0% when using the PEBA and PEBA+Plate spikes compared to the control spikes.

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Leg stiffness during running in highly cushioned shoes with a carbon-fiber plate and traditional shoes

Cited by 5 publications

References 41 publications

The Influence of “Super-Shoes” and Foot Strike Pattern on Metabolic Cost and Joint Mechanics in Competitive Female Runners

The Influence of “Super-Shoes” and Foot Strike Pattern on Metabolic Cost and Joint Mechanics in Competitive Female Runners

Influence of Running Shoe Longitudinal Bending Stiffness on Running Economy and Performance in Trained and National Level Runners

Influence of advanced footwear technology spikes on middle- and long-distance running performance measures in trained runners

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