Legacy and emerging organohalogenated compounds in feathers of Eurasian eagle-owls (Bubo bubo) in Norway: Spatiotemporal variations and associations with dietary proxies (δ13C and δ15N)

Assessing Contamination Profiles in Livers from Road‐Killed Owls

“…In eagle owl, the concentrations were much higher (86% detection frequency, mean 285 ± 124 ng/g wet wt), and little owl was the least impacted species (83% detection frequency, mean 36.2 ± 16 ng/g wet wt). Because of its potential for bioaccumulation and biomagnification through the food web, PFOS is commonly reported in birds of prey (Eriksson et al, 2016; Monclús et al, 2022). Also, PFOS was the main PFAS detected in livers from the top predator common buzzard ( Buteo buteo ) in Belgium, with mean concentrations between 41.8 and 67.1 ng/g wet weight (Groffen et al, 2023).…”

Review of scientific literature on available methods of assessing organochlorine pesticides in the environment

“…Large matrix effects have been reported by the US Department of Agriculture in residue analysis at low spike concentration (with 50–150 % recoveries) which cannot be entirely removed by cleanup procedures (Dana Ayu Mustofa et al, 2022). Unusual recoveries of 200.54 % from hair samples [ 72 ], 15–144 % from owl feathers [ 73 ], 5, 9, 36 % [ 74 ], 172.6, 169.3, 180.9, 140.7, and 167.3 %, which was thought to be mostly caused by the significant variances between the soils [ 75 ], and 69–140, 8.2–41.6 from soil [ 76 ], have been recorded. Several recovery techniques are reported ( Table 1 ), such as procedural blank, spiked blank, spiked sample, and surrogate recovery among others.…”

“…In cases where more than 50 % of the data concentrations are < MDL, I/2 MDL was used; although 70 % data courage is preferred [ 104 ]. IDLs were taken to be MDL*√2/2 for values whose MDL were not detected [ 232 ], and detection limit (DL) assumed as 4 blanks + 3*SD of the blanks in cases where a blank signal was observed [ 73 ]. A low LOD is preferred since it indicates that the analytical method is sensitive enough to detect small quantities or amounts of the analyte being tested [ 268 ].…”

“…[ 98 , 256 ] 4 concentration of native Component in the quantification standard divided by 3S/N [ 26 , 87 ], 4 3SD 10SD [ 189 ] 5 mean of solvent blank + 25 ppb of surrogate standard, + 3SD [ 275 ] 6 10S/N [ 85 ] 7 2SD 10SD [ 277 ] 8 S + 3.3σ 3*LOD [ 93 ] 9 Sum of average of blank data and 3SD 10SD (i.e. MQL) [ 177 ] 10 Average of all blanks + 3SD [ 73 , [94] , [95] , [96] , [97] , 278 ] 11 Average lab blank +3SD [ 51 , 66 , 145 , 229 , 279 ] 12 SD of the replicate analysis * one-tailed t statistics for the 99 % confidence interval …”

“…Total analysis time was 47.067 min” [ 288 ] Penguin tissues 31 2.2–4.6 Sur: 53–136; spike: 113; SRM: 130 GC-ECD: “The column oven was programmed for an initial temperature of 100 °C for 1 min and a rate of 5 °C/min to 140 °C, then held for 1 min at 140 °C, ramped to 250 °C at a rate of 1.5 °C/min, held for 1 min and finally increased at a rate of 10 °C/min to 300 °C and held for 5 min” [ 378 ] Blood of penguins, short-tailedshearwaters 14 MDL: 0.04–0.95 MQL: 0.12–3.2 82–115 GC-MS/MS: “The initial inlet temperature was 90 °C for 0.1 min before ramping to 325 °C at 900 °C/min. The oven temperature was 50 °C for 1 min and then ramped to 320 °C at 25 °C/min with a hold time of 4 min” [ 22 ] Eagle-owl feathers 12 0.05–0.10 Internal: 71-92 <30 GC-MS: “Splitless, the temperature of the DB-5 column was programmed from 90 °C, kept for 1.5 min, then increased with 15 °C/min to 310 °C, kept for 15 min” [ 73 ] Feathers, liver of owl 16 0.03–0.54 46-146 (feathers) 86 146 (liver) GC-MS [ 379 ] Blood cell and feather of Antarctic petrels 5 0.00172–0.305; 0.00517–1.016 45–104 GC-HRMS: “Splitless, the PTV injector was held at 90 °C for 0.1 min, ramped to 320 °C at 5 °C/min with a hold time of 5 min” [ 380 ] Pellets of black vulture 4–310 >89 GC-MS/MS: “The GC oven temperature was programmed as follows: initial temperature of 70 °C, hold at 70 °C for 2 min, increase the temperature to 300 °C at ...…”