“Legal highs”—Toxicity in the clinical and medico-legal aspect as exemplified by suicide with bk-MBDB administration

Rojek, Sebastian; Kłys, Małgorzata; Strona, Marcin; Maciów, Martyna; Kula, Karol

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.04.034

Cited by 46 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In the second and third cases, another NPS was also detected and identified as pentedrone belonging to the class of synthetic cathinones. ne normy laboratoryjnej ISO/IEC 17025 dla metod analitycznych i zostały szczegółowo przedstawione we wcześniejszych pracach autorów [10][11][12].…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

New challenges in toxicology of new psychoactive substances exemplified by fatal cases after UR-144 and UR-144 with pentedrone administration determined by LC-ESI-MS-MS in blood samples

Rojek¹,

Korczyńska-Albert²,

Kulikowska³

et al. 2017

amsik

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Section: Resultsunclassified

New challenges in toxicology of new psychoactive substances exemplified by fatal cases after UR-144 and UR-144 with pentedrone administration determined by LC-ESI-MS-MS in blood samples

Rojek¹,

Korczyńska-Albert²,

Kulikowska³

et al. 2017

amsik

Self Cite

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“…[5] In the early 2000s, synthetic cathinones emerged on the recreational drug market as legal alternatives ('legal highs') to amphetamine, Ecstasy, or cocaine. [7][8][9] The cathinone backbone can be modified in three different places to create hundreds of possible compounds, which include substituents on the aromatic ring, the alpha carbon, and the amine group. [7][8][9] The cathinone backbone can be modified in three different places to create hundreds of possible compounds, which include substituents on the aromatic ring, the alpha carbon, and the amine group.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and analytical characterization of nine synthetic cathinone derivatives N‐ethylhexedrone, 4‐Cl‐pentedrone, 4‐Cl‐α‐EAPP, propylone, N‐ethylnorpentylone, 6‐MeO‐bk‐MDMA, α‐PiHP, 4‐Cl‐α‐PHP, and 4‐F‐α‐PHP

Liu

Wang

et al. 2016

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Clinical and forensic toxicology laboratories are continuously confronted by analytical challenges when dealing with the new psychoactive substances (NPS) phenomenon. In this study, the analytical characterization of nine synthetic cathinones is described: 2-(ethylamino)-1-phenylhexan-1-one (N-ethylhexedrone 1), 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)pentan-1-one (4-Cl-pentedrone 2), 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(ethylamino)pentan-1-one (4-Cl-α-EAPP 3), 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-propylaminopropan-1-one (propylone 4), 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-ethylaminopentan-1-one (N-ethylnorpentylone 5), 1-(6-methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-methylaminopropan-1-one (6-MeO-bk-MDMA 6), 4-methyl-1-phenyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentan-1-one (α-PiHP 7), 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-1-one (4-Cl-α-PHP 8), and 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-1-one (4-F-α-PHP 9). The identification was based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The mass-spectral fragmentations of these compounds following collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron ionization (EI) were studied to assist forensic laboratories in identifying these compounds or other substances with similar structure in their case work. To our knowledge, no analytical data about the compounds 1-4, 7, and 8 have appeared until now, making this the first report on these compounds. The GC-MS data of 5, 6 and 9 has been reported, but this study added the LC-MS, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and NMR data for additional characterization. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…Synthetic cathinones were identified in hair [23–26] , whole blood (including post-mortem) [8, 11–13, 15, 23, 27–36] , plasma [37] , serum [14, 38–39] , cerebral spinal fluid [39] , and urine [8, 11, 14, 28, 30–32, 39–52] . Therefore, high-throughput screening methods and sensitive and specific gas chromatography and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) confirmation methods for synthetic cathinones are needed for workplace (including military) and criminal justice programs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of the only commercially available immunoassay for synthetic cathinones in urine: Randox Drugs of Abuse V Biochip Array Technology

Ellefsen

Anizan

Castaneto

et al. 2014

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Deterrence of synthetic cathinone abuse is hampered by the lack of a high-throughput immunoassay screen. The Randox Drugs of Abuse V biochip immunoassay (DOA-V) contains two synthetic cathinones antibodies: Bath Salt I (BSI) targets mephedrone/methcathinone and Bath Salt II (BSII) targets 3’,4’-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)/3’,4’-methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone (MDPBP). We evaluated DOA-V synthetic cathinones performance and conducted a full validation on the original assay with calibrators reconstituted in water, and the new assay with calibrators prepared in lyophilized urine; both utilized the same antibodies and were run on the fully automated Evidence® Analyzer. 20,017 authentic military urine specimens were screened and confirmed by LC-MS/MS for 28 synthetic cathinones. Limits of detection (LOD) for the original and new assays were 0.35 and 0.18 (BSI), and 8.5 and 9.2µg/L (BSII), respectively. Linearity was acceptable (R2>0.98); however, a large negative bias was observed with in-house prepared calibrators. Intra-assay imprecision was <20% BSI-II, while inter-assay imprecision was 18–42% BSI and <22% BSII. Precision was acceptable for Randox controls. Cross-reactivities of many additional synthetic cathinones were determined. Authentic drug-free negative urine pH <4 produced false positive results for BSI (6.3µg/L) and BSII (473µg/L). Oxidizing agents reduced BSI and increased BSII results. Sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of 100%, 52.1%, and 53.0% were obtained at manufacturer’s proposed cutoffs (BSI 5µg/L, BSII 30µg/L). Performance improved if cutoff concentrations increased (BSI 7.5µg/L, BSII 40µg/L); however, there were limited confirmed positive specimens. Currently, this is the first and only fully validated immunoassay for preliminary detection of synthetic cathinones in urine.

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“Legal highs”—Toxicity in the clinical and medico-legal aspect as exemplified by suicide with bk-MBDB administration

Cited by 46 publications

References 21 publications

New challenges in toxicology of new psychoactive substances exemplified by fatal cases after UR-144 and UR-144 with pentedrone administration determined by LC-ESI-MS-MS in blood samples

New challenges in toxicology of new psychoactive substances exemplified by fatal cases after UR-144 and UR-144 with pentedrone administration determined by LC-ESI-MS-MS in blood samples

Identification and analytical characterization of nine synthetic cathinone derivatives N‐ethylhexedrone, 4‐Cl‐pentedrone, 4‐Cl‐α‐EAPP, propylone, N‐ethylnorpentylone, 6‐MeO‐bk‐MDMA, α‐PiHP, 4‐Cl‐α‐PHP, and 4‐F‐α‐PHP

Validation of the only commercially available immunoassay for synthetic cathinones in urine: Randox Drugs of Abuse V Biochip Array Technology

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