Legal Values of the Russian Population: Priorities and Contradictions
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Paradoxical Manifestations of Institutional Social Trust in Russian Regions: Corruption and Shadow Employment as Types of Social Trust
Introduction. The paradoxicality of which lies in the fact that with a lack of official institutional trust of the population in the authorities, it flows into informal, criminal and semi-criminal social spheres, into corrupt social ties and groups, and into the informal economy, shadow employment. The purpose of the article is to conduct a sociological theoretical and methodological analysis of the paradoxical forms of institutional social trust in Russian society in the form of corrupt and shadow economic ties. Materials and Methods. Empirical data on the shadow labor market in the Russian Federation were obtained in the course of mass and expert surveys conducted in 2021 in 10 regions of the Russian Federation and 2 megacities. In the course of preparing this publication, general scientific, logical methods were used, structural-functional, sociocultural, anthroposociocultural, projective approaches in modern sociology, the method of sociological imagination, the methodology of analysis and the formation of “we-groups”. Results. In the course of the authors’ research, it was found that such negative social phenomena as domestic and business corruption, shadow (informal) employment are a paradoxical form of expression of institutional trust in society. The paradox of the sociological correlation of corruption and shadow employment with institutional trust only at first glance seems illogical and contrary to sound scientific understanding. As a result of the analysis, the authors have revealed that with a lack of basic institutional trust of the Russian population in state and municipal authorities, social trust flows into informal, semi-criminal and criminal spheres. It has been proved that corruption and informal employment as forms of social practice become forms of expression of specific political trust based on strong social ties (blood related, kindred, friendly) in Russian regions. The authors’ team determined that corruption and informal employment are becoming a type of informal social self-organization of society, which close the gap between the political communications of the elite and the expectations of civil society. Discussion and Conclusion. Corruption and the informal economy are becoming a paradoxical form of manifestation of situational, horizontal, institutional trust based on strong (blood related, kindred, friendly) ties, on the social ties of “we-groups”, on the atomism of the Russian regional society. This research can be practically used by sociologists, lawyers, criminologists, social psychologists, law enforcement officers of the Russian Federation.
Paradoxical Manifestations of Institutional Social Trust in Russian Regions: Corruption and Shadow Employment as Types of Social Trust
Introduction. The paradoxicality of which lies in the fact that with a lack of official institutional trust of the population in the authorities, it flows into informal, criminal and semi-criminal social spheres, into corrupt social ties and groups, and into the informal economy, shadow employment. The purpose of the article is to conduct a sociological theoretical and methodological analysis of the paradoxical forms of institutional social trust in Russian society in the form of corrupt and shadow economic ties. Materials and Methods. Empirical data on the shadow labor market in the Russian Federation were obtained in the course of mass and expert surveys conducted in 2021 in 10 regions of the Russian Federation and 2 megacities. In the course of preparing this publication, general scientific, logical methods were used, structural-functional, sociocultural, anthroposociocultural, projective approaches in modern sociology, the method of sociological imagination, the methodology of analysis and the formation of “we-groups”. Results. In the course of the authors’ research, it was found that such negative social phenomena as domestic and business corruption, shadow (informal) employment are a paradoxical form of expression of institutional trust in society. The paradox of the sociological correlation of corruption and shadow employment with institutional trust only at first glance seems illogical and contrary to sound scientific understanding. As a result of the analysis, the authors have revealed that with a lack of basic institutional trust of the Russian population in state and municipal authorities, social trust flows into informal, semi-criminal and criminal spheres. It has been proved that corruption and informal employment as forms of social practice become forms of expression of specific political trust based on strong social ties (blood related, kindred, friendly) in Russian regions. The authors’ team determined that corruption and informal employment are becoming a type of informal social self-organization of society, which close the gap between the political communications of the elite and the expectations of civil society. Discussion and Conclusion. Corruption and the informal economy are becoming a paradoxical form of manifestation of situational, horizontal, institutional trust based on strong (blood related, kindred, friendly) ties, on the social ties of “we-groups”, on the atomism of the Russian regional society. This research can be practically used by sociologists, lawyers, criminologists, social psychologists, law enforcement officers of the Russian Federation.
Ensuring the quality of legal regulation is one of the most controversial issue in the modern theory of law. The article substantiates the existence of such a criterion for assessing the legal regulation quality as the effectiveness of a normative legal act. According to the author, it is necessary to use a legal experiment as an assessing tool of the act effectiveness. It is defined as a legal technology that allows to test a new legal regime and learn from the observed positive and negative effects of the established legal regulation. The complexity of the legal experiment application lies in the establishment of natural links between the changes taking place in public relations and the norms of experimental law that have entered into force. For solving the problem the author suggests to use the mechanism of determination of the legal experiment validity, which can also be used to determine the possibility of extending the conclusion obtained as a result of a legal experiment to no nexperimental situations. It is argued that the determination of the legal experiment validity is carried out by distinguishing the impact of a regulatory legal act of an experimental nature from the consequences associated with the action of other factors.
В статье анализируются характер и тенденции изменения отношения россиян к исполнению требований законов. Исследуется эволюция представлений граждан разных возрастов, в которых отражаются особенности их правосознания, с акцентом на молодежь, о верховенстве закона, законопослушности, справедливости. Анализ опирается на данные Российского мониторинга экономического положения и здоровья населения НИУ ВШЭ (RLMS-HSE). Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о признании все большим числом россиян подлинной ценности закона и повышении готовности законопослушной части населения выполнять правовые предписания. Но, несмотря на эти позитивные изменения, правосознание россиян остается нечетким, размытым, а законопослушное поведение еще не превратилось в личностно значимую, жизненно необходимую ценность, разделяемую большинством граждан. Молодежь готова скорее поддерживать справедливость, являющуюся для нее весомой моральной ценностью, чем законопослушность и защиту порядка. Эволюция представлений российских граждан о верховенстве закона и законопослушности в течение последнего кризисного десятилетия демонстрирует существенное влияние внешнего контекста на развитие их правового сознания, тогда как возраст, образование, гендерные различия оказываются гораздо менее значимыми факторами. Соблюдение требований законов как важный принцип социального общежития встречает растущее понимание граждан, но эта позитивная тенденция не подкрепляется повышением доверия россиян к способности государства обеспечить верховенство закона и единый правопорядок.
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