Legionella pneumophila—Epidemiology and Characterization of Clinical Isolates, Slovenia, 2006–2020

Keše, Darja; Obreza, Aljoša; Rojko, Tereza; Kišek, Tjaša Cerar

doi:10.3390/diagnostics11071201

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…L. pneumophila IgG seropositivity occurred in 37.5% of the sample population. Similar to the C. pneumoniae results, L. pneumophila IgG sero-detection revealed predominant positivity among men, which aligns with recent observations [ 27 ]. In addition, in each age group, one-third of the participants showed IgG positivity with L. pneumophila and there was no significant difference in IgG seropositivity distribution between different age groups ( Figure 2 C).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Serostatus and Epidemiological Characteristics for Atypical Pneumonia Causative Bacteria among Healthy Individuals in Medina, Saudi Arabia, a Retrospective Study

et al. 2022

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Background: Community-acquired atypical pneumonia is generally a mild and self-limiting infection. Still, it may lead to hospitalization and progressive clinical complications in some cases, particularly among the elderly and individuals with chronic diseases. Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are the community’s main causative agents of atypical pneumonia. However, most published studies evaluated their incidence in the hospital setting, and little is known about their prevalence among healthy individuals. This work aims to assess the seroprevalence of these bacteria among healthy people to determine the status of immunity against these bacteria in the community. Methodology: Two hundred and eighty-three serum samples from a multicenter in Medina, Saudi Arabia, were collected in this study. Serum samples were subjected to indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to detect IgG antibodies against C. pneumoniae, L. pneumophila, and M. pneumoniae to investigate the seroprevalence of these bacteria and their distribution among different genders and age groups of healthy people. Results: IgG seropositivity for at least one of the three atypical pneumonia-causative bacteria occurred in 85.8% (n= 243/283) of the sample population. IgG seropositivity for C. pneumoniae occurred in 80.6% (228/283) of the population, followed by 37.5% for L. pneumophila and 23% for M. pneumoniae (66/283). In addition, the IgG seropositivity rates for the three bacteria were observed predominantly among male participants. Furthermore, no significant difference in IgG seropositivity distribution occurred between different age groups of healthy people for C. pneumoniae, L. pneumophila and M. pneumoniae. Conclusions: The current study found that C. pneumoniae, L. pneumophila, and M. pneumoniae tended to be highly prevalent among healthy people and more common among males than females. Additionally, their pattern of distribution among healthy individuals seemed to be predominant among young adults (aged 20–40 years), which differs from their predominant distribution among elderly patients in hospital settings (>50 years).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Serostatus and Epidemiological Characteristics for Atypical Pneumonia Causative Bacteria among Healthy Individuals in Medina, Saudi Arabia, a Retrospective Study

et al. 2022

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“…Our study represents SBT analysis of 79 environmental L. pneumophila isolates obtained from municipal water at Latvian hotels, resulting in the identification of 21 different sequence types (ST), including three new STs. Previous studies have also described a high diversity of STs; for example, 27 different STs were identified in 78 isolates from Israel [ 26 ], 88 L. pneumophila isolates were divided into 33 STs in a study from Slovenia [ 31 ], while researchers from Canada reported that 141 sporadic cases of Legionnaires’ disease belonged to 57 different STs [ 32 ]. All these studies also identified new STs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Legionella spp. in Hotel Water-Supply Systems in Latvia

et al. 2023

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Legionella is one of the most important waterborne pathogens that can lead to both outbreaks and sporadic cases. The majority of travel-associated Legionnaires’ disease (TALD) cases are contracted during hotel stays. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and genetic diversity of Legionella spp. in hotel water supply systems in Latvia. In total, 834 hot water samples were collected from the water systems of 80 hotels in Latvia. At least one Legionella spp. positive sample was detected in 47 out of 80 hotels (58.8%). Overall, 235 out of 834 samples (28.2%) were Legionella spp. positive. The average hot water temperature in Latvian hotels was 49.8 °C. The most predominant L. pneumophila serogroup (SG) was SG3 which was found in 113 (49.8%) positive samples from 27 hotels. For 79 sequenced L. pneumophila isolates, 21 different sequence types (ST) were obtained, including 3 new types—ST2582, ST2579, and ST2580. High Legionella contamination and high genetic diversity were found in the hotel water supply systems in Latvia, which, together with the insufficient hot water temperature, may indicate that the lack of regulation and control measures may promote the proliferation of Legionella.

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“…While the positive test prevalence of Legionella UAT is low (1.5–4.6%), efficiency of testing could be improved by focusing on patients with risk factors for Legionnaire’s disease. 69 , 84 , 85 One large retrospective study showed that patients with known risk factors (eg, hyponatremia, diarrhea, smoking) were tested only slightly more often than those without. 69 Additionally, even though Legionella species are known to thrive in warm, humid summer months, testing patterns did not vary by season.…”

Section: Urinary Antigen Test For the Diagnosis Of Legionel...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Antigen Testing for Respiratory Infections: Current Perspectives on Utility and Limitations

Kim¹,

Deshpande²,

Rothberg³

2022

IDR

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Pneumonia is a leading cause of hospitalization and death due to infection worldwide. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila remain among the most commonly identified bacterial pathogens. Unfortunately, more than half of all pneumonia cases today lack an etiologic diagnosis due to limitations in traditional microbiological methods like blood and sputum cultures, which are affected by poor sample collection, prior antibiotic administration, and delayed processing. Urinary antigen tests (UATs) for S. pneumoniae and L. pneumophila have emerged as powerful tools for improving the diagnosis of bacterial respiratory infections, enabling physicians to administer early directed therapy and improve antimicrobial stewardship. UATs are simple, rapid, and non-invasive diagnostic tests with high specificity (>90%) and moderate sensitivity (<80%). The potential impact of urinary antigen testing is especially significant for respiratory infections caused by Legionella . While all recommended community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) therapies are adequate for treating pneumococcal pneumonia, only certain antibiotics are effective against Legionella . Delayed therapy for Legionella is associated with worse clinical outcomes, which underscores the importance of rapid diagnostic methods like UATs. Despite their potential impact, current American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America (ATS/IDSA) guidelines argue against the routine use of urinary antigen testing for S. pneumoniae and L. pneumophila , except in patients with severe CAP and those with epidemiological risk factors for Legionella . Further research is necessary to evaluate the impact of early targeted treatment due to positive UAT results, as well as optimal strategies for UAT utilization. The purpose of this review is to summarize the UATs available for bacterial respiratory infections, describe current guidelines on their usage, and assess their impact on clinical outcomes and targeted therapy.

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Legionella pneumophila—Epidemiology and Characterization of Clinical Isolates, Slovenia, 2006–2020

Cited by 10 publications

References 32 publications

Serostatus and Epidemiological Characteristics for Atypical Pneumonia Causative Bacteria among Healthy Individuals in Medina, Saudi Arabia, a Retrospective Study

Serostatus and Epidemiological Characteristics for Atypical Pneumonia Causative Bacteria among Healthy Individuals in Medina, Saudi Arabia, a Retrospective Study

Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Legionella spp. in Hotel Water-Supply Systems in Latvia

Urinary Antigen Testing for Respiratory Infections: Current Perspectives on Utility and Limitations

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