Legionella spp. Risk Assessment in Recreational and Garden Areas of Hotels

Papadakis, Antonios; Chochlakis, Dimosthenis; Sandalakis, Vassilios; Keramarou, Maria; Tselentis, Yannis; Psaroulaki, Anna

doi:10.3390/ijerph15040598

Cited by 31 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Studies conducted in Greek hotels have shown that the risk of water contamination with Legionella sp. in pool showers is 16.42%, in garden sprinklers 7.46%, and in the pool water 5.97% (15). However, research conducted in Japan indicated that 64% of samples from households and 3% from public entities, such as baths or hot springs, showed the presence of Legionella sp (12).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Najnowszy opublikowany artykuł dotyczy oceny zagrożenia Legionellą sp. w przestrzeniach rekreacyjnych takich jak fontanny, prysznice przy basenach i spa, ogrodowych spryskiwaczach w hotelach, nie obejmuje obiektów nauczania i wychowania (20). W mediach można odnaleźć informacje o wystąpieniu zakażenia Legionella sp.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…The latest published article concerns risk assessment of Legionella sp. in recreational spaces, such as fountains, showers at swimming pools and spas, garden sprinklers in hotels, does not include teaching and education facilities (20). The media can find information about the occurrence of Legionella sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Badania przeprowadzone w greckich hotelach, wykazały, że ryzyko zanieczyszczenia wody pałeczkami Legionella w prysznicach basenowych wynosi 16,42%, w tryskaczach ogrodowych 7,46%, a w wodzie w basenie 5,97% (15). Natomiast badania prowadzone w Japonii, wskazały, iż w 64% próbek pochodzących z gospodarstw domowych i w 3% z podmiotów publicznych, takich jak łaźnie czy gorące źródła…”

Section: Dyskusjaunclassified

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Legionella sp. in water systems in public teaching and education facilities in Małopolskie voivodeship in 2016

Żak¹,

Orlińska²,

Koperny³

et al. 2019

Przegl Epidemiol

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INTRODUCTION. Bacteria Legionella sp. found in water distribution systems, especially warm, transferred to water spray devices for aerators and showers in the form of aerosols infected with them become a threat to the human inhaler. OBJECTIVE. Assessment of colonization of the water supply network with Legionella bacteria in teaching and education facilities in Małopolska in 2016 year. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The results of water samples taken from plumbing installations were analyzed in teaching and education facilities by employees of the State Sanitary Inspection of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. RESULTS. The results of 366 testing hot water samples in 111 teaching and education centers in Małopolska have shown that in 123 testing samples (33,6%) in 48 centers (43,2%) the water sample was colonized with Legionella sp. and the water quality did not meet the requirements of the current ordinance of the Minister of Health. CONCLUSIONS. It is justified to periodically monitor the presence of Legionella sp. in water supply installations in teaching and education centers and taking action to reduce the colonization of these bacteria.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionunclassified

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dyskusjaunclassified

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Legionella sp. in water systems in public teaching and education facilities in Małopolskie voivodeship in 2016

Żak¹,

Orlińska²,

Koperny³

et al. 2019

Przegl Epidemiol

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“…If Legionella species are detected, methods such as the use of monochloramine, heat, ultraviolet light, copper-silver ionization and chlorination have been used to reduce the risk to patients [ 67 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 ]. Improvement of chlorination of water supplies may reduce the burden of travel-related legionellosis from non- L pneumophila species [ 151 ]. It is important that detection systems are not solely focused on L. pneumophila , as molecular techniques may help identify the source of infection.…”

Section: Prevention and Public Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Legionellosis Caused by Non-Legionella pneumophila Species, with a Focus on Legionella longbeachae

et al. 2021

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Although known as causes of community-acquired pneumonia and Pontiac fever, the global burden of infection caused by Legionella species other than Legionella pneumophila is under-recognised. Non-L. pneumophila legionellae have a worldwide distribution, although common testing strategies for legionellosis favour detection of L. pneumophila over other Legionella species, leading to an inherent diagnostic bias and under-detection of cases. When systematically tested for in Australia and New Zealand, L. longbeachae was shown to be a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Exposure to potting soils and compost is a particular risk for infection from L. longbeachae, and L. longbeachae may be better adapted to soil and composting plant material than other Legionella species. It is possible that the high rate of L. longbeachae reported in Australia and New Zealand is related to the composition of commercial potting soils which, unlike European products, contain pine bark and sawdust. Genetic studies have demonstrated that the Legionella genomes are highly plastic, with areas of the chromosome showing high levels of recombination as well as horizontal gene transfer both within and between species via plasmids. This, combined with various secretion systems and extensive effector repertoires that enable the bacterium to hijack host cell functions and resources, is instrumental in shaping its pathogenesis, survival and growth. Prevention of legionellosis is hampered by surveillance systems that are compromised by ascertainment bias, which limits commitment to an effective public health response. Current prevention strategies in Australia and New Zealand are directed at individual gardeners who use potting soils and compost. This consists of advice to avoid aerosols generated by the use of potting soils and use masks and gloves, but there is little evidence that this is effective. There is a need to better understand the epidemiology of L. longbeachae and other Legionella species in order to develop effective treatment and preventative strategies globally.

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New developments in premise plumbing: Integrative hydraulic and water quality modeling

Palmegiani¹,

Whelton

Mitchell

et al. 2022

AWWA Water Science

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Significant seasonal changes in chemical and microbiological water quality can occur in buildings at different fixture locations due to temperature and time dependent reaction rates. Here, a series of calibrated plumbing hydraulic‐water quality models were developed for the extensively monitored Retrofitted Net‐zero Energy, Water & Waste (ReNEWW) house in West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. The eight new models predict the absolute level of free chlorine, total trihalomethanes, copper, iron, lead, NO3− (nitrate‐nitrogen), heterotrophic plate count (HPC), and Legionella spp. concentration at each fixture for plumbing use, operational characteristics, and design layouts of the plumbing system. Model development revealed that the carrying capacity to describe Legionella spp. growth (and other organisms) under water usage and plumbing design conditions is lacking in the literature. Reducing simulated building water use by 25% prompted increased absolute concentrations of HPC and Legionella spp., each increasing by a factor of about 105. When the simulated service line length was increased, Legionella spp. concentrations increased by up to 106 gene copies /L in the Summer season. The proposed modeling framework can be used to support better planning, design, analysis, and operational decision‐making.

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Legionella spp. Risk Assessment in Recreational and Garden Areas of Hotels

Cited by 31 publications

References 34 publications

Legionella sp. in water systems in public teaching and education facilities in Małopolskie voivodeship in 2016

Legionella sp. in water systems in public teaching and education facilities in Małopolskie voivodeship in 2016

Legionellosis Caused by Non-Legionella pneumophila Species, with a Focus on Legionella longbeachae

New developments in premise plumbing: Integrative hydraulic and water quality modeling

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