Leishmania in discarded syringes from intravenous drug users

Cruz, Israel; Morales, M.A.; Noguer, Isabel; Aguilar, Rodríguez; Alvar, Jorge

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08160-6

Cited by 145 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The high association of Leishmania with HIV has been explained with two non-exclusive approaches, immunosupression as a factor activating latent infections, 18 and transmission of Leishmania parasites among parenteral drugs users. 19 Interestingly, in our analysis we did not find evidence for different mortality among HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients during the prime attack. This result can probably be explained by the restoration of the CD4 count thanks to HAART, which permits a long survival of the co-infected patients.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 62%

Epidemiology of Leishmaniasis in Spain Based on Hospitalization Records (1997–2008)

Gil-Prieto

Walter²,

Alvar³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. All the records from the Spanish information system for hospital data of patients diagnosed with leishmaniasis during a 12-year period (1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008) were studied. The 2,028 individuals were hospitalized because of leishmaniasis, as indicated by the principal diagnostic code. The average hospitalization rate was 0.41/100,000 inhabitants. One-third of them were co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The incidence of hospitalization in the adult population with leishmaniasis co-infected with HIV increased with age, peaked at 35-39 years of age and subsequently declined. In the pediatric population, all leishmaniasis cases occurred in HIV-negative children. Incidence of hospitalizations was highest in Madrid and in the Mediterranean coast. The cost per inpatient hospital care was $9,601 corresponding to an annual direct cost of more than $1.5 million for inpatient care alone. The economical burden of leishmaniasis is not neglectable and in the 12-year study period it represented more than $19 million.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 62%

Epidemiology of Leishmaniasis in Spain Based on Hospitalization Records (1997–2008)

Gil-Prieto

Walter²,

Alvar³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Additional transmission routes include infection through blood transfusion from infected to uninfected hosts, both in foxhounds (Owens et al 2001) and humans (Otero et al 2000), human organ transplantation (Antinori et al 2008) and sexual transmission in dogs (Silva et al 2009) and humans (Symmers, 1960). Transmission via shared syringes is another possibility, and has been indicated amongst IV-drug users in southwest Europe (Cruz et al 2002 ;Alvar et al 2008). The possibility of transmission by non-sandfly vectors also has been considered (Dantas-Torres, 2006 ;Coutinho and Linardi, 2007).…”

Section: E P I D E M I O L O G Y O F T R a N S M I S S I O N B Y T H mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis

2009

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S U M M A R YZoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) caused by Leishmania infantum is an important disease of humans and dogs. Here we review aspects of the transmission and control of ZVL. Whilst there is clear evidence that ZVL is maintained by sandfly transmission, transmission may also occur by non-sandfly routes, such as congenital and sexual transmission. Dogs are the only confirmed primary reservoir of infection. Meta-analysis of dog studies confirms that infectiousness is higher in symptomatic infection ; infectiousness is also higher in European than South American studies. A high prevalence of infection has been reported from an increasing number of domestic and wild mammals ; updated host ranges are provided. The crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous, opossums Didelphis spp., domestic cat Felis cattus, black rat Rattus rattus and humans can infect sandflies, but confirmation of these hosts as primary or secondary reservoirs requires further xenodiagnosis studies at the population level. Thus the putative sylvatic reservoir(s) of ZVL remains unknown. Review of intervention studies examining the effectiveness of current control methods highlights the lack of randomized controlled trials of both dog culling and residual insecticide spraying. Topical insecticides (deltamethrin-impregnated collars and pour-ons) have been shown to provide a high level of individual protection to treated dogs, but further community-level studies are needed.

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“…These infections are endemic in 88 countries around the world with ϳ350 million people living in "at risk" areas (1). Recently, as a result of military activity, population migration, modern medical practices, intravenous drug usage, and global warming, leishmaniasis has emerged as a problem in nonendemic areas (2)(3)(4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%