Leishmaniases in Maghreb: An endemic neglected disease

Chaara, Dhekra; Haouas, Najoua; Dédet, J. P.; Babba, Hamouda; Pratlong, Francine

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.12.018

Cited by 39 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…These results are in agreement with those found in other studies that prove L. infantum is the species responsible of VL in several foci [26, 27]. The zymodeme MON-1 is the most common [28], the second identified zymodeme is MON-24 [11]. Taza Province was known to be a hypoendemic focus of VL ( L. infantum ) until 1995; it is transmitted by Phlebotomus longicuspis , and this vector was identified in the study area in 1997 [17].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Nevertheless, the small number of canine cases and the short duration of the lesions make it difficult to define the precise role of the dog in the epidemiological cycle [10]. Therefore, the transmission cycle was also suggested to be anthroponotic [11]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thereafter, widespread sparse hypoendemic rural foci were identified in a sub-arid area ranging from Tadla to Agadir. Since then, large outbreaks have appeared, extending from Agadir-Guelmim in the South via Essaouira and Chichaoua in the West, Beni Mellal, Azilal, Marrakech in the Centre, Ouarzazate in the East to Taza in the North [11]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New epidemiological aspects of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in Taza, Morocco

et al. 2016

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BackgroundLeishmaniasis is considered among the main endemic diseases in Morocco. However, further knowledge about epidemiological aspects of this disease is needed in several provinces to plan control and preventive strategies to tackle the disease. The present study aims to determine the epidemiological aspect of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in Taza Province from 2007–2014 and to identify the circulating species in this province.ResultsThe temporal study from 2007 to 2014 showed that the number of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases increased since 2010. During the period of study, most leishmaniasis cases were detected in both urban and rural areas with 34% of cases detected in two urban localities, Bab Zitouna and Bab tété with 297 and 106 cases, respectively. The molecular study of cutaneous leishmaniasis showed the presence of non-sporadic Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica in this province. Regarding visceral leishmaniasis, Leishmania infantum is the species that has been identified.ConclusionsThe epidemio-molecular study of leishmaniasis in Taza Province showed the coexistence of two species of Leishmania in the same foci. They also indicated that CL due to Leishmania infantum is more prevalent than reported in the literature. These results will be helpful for the implementation of control strategies by targeting dogs that constitute a reservoir of Leishmania infantum.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1910-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New epidemiological aspects of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in Taza, Morocco

et al. 2016

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“…Currently, coinfected cases from these areas have already been reported, and careful surveillance is needed [29]. VL/HIV coinfection in the Maghreb seems to be a rare autochthonous problem [3], and this has been confirmed in a recent review [30].…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Visceral Leishmaniasis and Hiv Coinfection Imentioning

confidence: 87%

Visceral Leishmaniasis and HIV Coinfection in the Mediterranean Region

Monge‐Maíllo

Norman²,

Cruz³

et al. 2014

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

109

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Visceral leishmaniasis is hypoendemic in Mediterranean countries, where it is caused by the flagellate protozoan Leishmania infantum. VL cases in this area account for 5%–6% of the global burden. Cases of Leishmania/HIV coinfection have been reported in the Mediterranean region, mainly in France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. Since highly active antiretroviral therapy was introduced in 1997, a marked decrease in the number of coinfected cases in this region has been reported. The development of new diagnostic methods to accurately identify level of parasitemia and the risk of relapse is one of the main challenges in improving the treatment of coinfected patients. Clinical trials in the Mediterranean region are needed to determine the most adequate therapeutic options for Leishmania/HIV patients as well as the indications and regimes for secondary prophylaxis. This article reviews the epidemiological, diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of Leishmania/HIV coinfection in the Mediterranean region.

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“…Clinically, the lesion is frequently unique, ulcerous with a scab of 1-3 cm in diameter located on the face, with chronic evolution that can last for 4 years [57,58] (Figure 4).…”

Section: Clinical Formsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmaniasis in Tunisia: History and New Insights into the Epidemiology of a Neglected Disease

Haouas¹,

Babba²

2017

The Epidemiology and Ecology of Leishmaniasis

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In Tunisia, both cutaneous (CL) and visceral leishmaniases (VL) are historical diseases that have been described since the nineteenth century. Cutaneous form is more prevalent than the visceral one. It is caused by three taxa (Leishmania major, Leishmania infantum, and Leishmania killicki synonymous Leishmania tropica) and six zymodemes (MON-1, . Among these dermotropic zymodemes, sand flies vectors and reservoir hosts were identified for only three ones. Transmission cycles of L. infantum MON-24 and MON-80 and L. killicki MON-317 are still unknown. Zoonotic CL is largely distributed and covers mainly the sub-arid and arid bioclimatic stages. Nevertheless, it has recently spread to the humid and sub-humid stages in northern Tunisia. Sporadic and chronic CL are less prevalent with limited geographical distribution. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is mainly infantile that affects children of <13 years. It is caused by the single taxon L. infantum. Transmission cycle of this parasite is zoonotic but not well elucidated. Three zymodemes are responsible for the genesis of VL (MON-1, MON-24 and MON-80). Only the transmission cycle of L. infantum MON-1 is identified. Geographically, VL is mainly distributed in the humid, sub-humid, and semiarid bioclimatic stages of the country. Despite the large progress of knowledge in the ecoepidemiology of leishmaniases in Tunisia, many parameters of the transmission cycles of these taxa are still unknown and need further investigations to identify them.

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Leishmaniases in Maghreb: An endemic neglected disease

Cited by 39 publications

References 95 publications

New epidemiological aspects of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in Taza, Morocco

New epidemiological aspects of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in Taza, Morocco

Visceral Leishmaniasis and HIV Coinfection in the Mediterranean Region

Leishmaniasis in Tunisia: History and New Insights into the Epidemiology of a Neglected Disease

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