Leisure time physical activity and the risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women from the general population

Abstract

Aims/hypothesis: The aim of this study was to examine sex-specific associations between leisure time physical activity and incident type 2 diabetes in a representative population sample in Germany. Methods: The study was based on 4,069 men and 4,034 women (aged 25 to 74 years) who participated in one of the three MONICA Augsburg surveys between 1984 and 1995. Subjects were free of diabetes at baseline. Incident cases of type 2 diabetes were assessed in 1998 using a follow-up questionnaire. Sex-specific hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated from Cox proportional hazard models. Results: A total of 145 cases of incident type 2 diabetes among men and 82 among women were registered during the mean follow-up period of 7.4 years. In both sexes, a high leisure time physical activity level was associated with a reduced risk of incident type 2 diabetes. After adjustment for confounding factors, the HR in highly active men (more than 2 h physical activity per week in summer and winter) was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.50-1.36). In contrast, highly active women had the lowest risk of type 2 diabetes even after multivariable adjustment (HR 0.24; 95% CI: 0.06-0.98). In subgroup analyses, after multivariable adjustment, the protective effect of moderate to high physical activity was significant in women with a BMI below 30 kg/m 2 (HR 0.24; 95% CI: 0.09-0.65) but not in women with a BMI of 30 kg/m 2 or higher (HR 0.97; 95% CI: 0.44-2.11). Conclusions/interpretation: Leisure time physical activity is effective in preventing type 2 diabetes, especially in nonobese women, in the general population.

Plasma visfatin levels in severe obstructive sleep apnea—hypopnea syndrome

“…It is generally accepted that sleep regulates endocrine and metabolic function with sleep disturbances affecting the activity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal and growth axes [24]. Sleep deprivation and sleep disorders, namely difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep, have been shown to contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes [25][26][27][28]. In an experimental model developed by Tasali et al [29], suppression of slow wave sleep resulted in increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes.…”

Characterization of the metabolic profile associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a cross-sectional analysis in population-based data

“…Information on socio-demographic variables, physical and outdoor activity, smoking behaviour, alcohol consumption, comorbidities, self-rated physical constitution and medication use was obtained in the interview. Leisure time physical activity in summer and winter 25 was dichotomized in ‘inactive’ (less than 1 h of regular activity per week in summer and winter) and ‘active’ 26 . Additionally, the amount of time participants usually spent outdoors in summer was recorded 27 .…”

Lower morning to evening cortisol ratio is associated with cognitive impairment in men but not women: An analysis of 733 older subjects of the cross-sectional KORA-Age study

“…Sports were broadly considered in the context of elderly participant activities and included both bicycle riding and going on walks. Answers were given on a four-level graded scale (no activity, irregularly about 1 h/week, regularly 1 h/week, and regularly >2 h/week) (Meisinger et al, 2005b). A participant was classified as physically active if they regularly participated in sports during leisure time ≥1 h/week in either season.…”