Length of the Larval Cycle of Ascaphus truei in Coastal Streams of the Redwood Region, Northern California

Adult body size = f (initial size + growth rate × age): explaining the proximate cause of Bergman’s cline in a toad along altitudinal gradients

“…The genetic basis for differentiation in the development strategy along environmental gradients was demonstrated to have been established through natural selection (Palo et al 2003). On the other hand, large metamorphic sizes may be reached at extreme high altitudes where tadpoles have to grow over 1 year before metamorphism due to extremely short growth periods (Berven et al 1979;Brown 1990;Wallace and Diller 1998;Chen et al 2011;review in Wells 2007).…”

Factors influencing stream occupancy and detection probability parameters of stream-associated amphibians in commercial forests of Oregon and Washington, USA

“…In addition, tailed frog adults may have moved either up-or downstream out of the sample reach or migrated from the stream entirely during the survey period (Nussbaum et al, 1983;Hayes et al, 2006). Similarly, tadpoles may have turned into metamorphs and migrated from the stream-reach to find more suitable conditions (Wallace and Diller, 1998;Hayes et al, 2006). Any of these factors would have lead to a reduced occupancy rate for tailed frogs in our study and may have contributed to the uncertainty in competing models (Table 2).…”

The habitat ecology of the post-metamorphic coastal tailed frog (Ascaphus truei).

“…The tailed frog genus, Ascaphus, is endemic to the Pacific Northwest o f North America and inhabits the cold-flowing streams associated with those forests (Brown 1975;Wallace and Diller 1998;Bury and Adams 1999;Ritland et al 2000;Wahbe et al 2004;Matsuda and Richardson 2005;Hayes et al 2006). There are 2 species within North America, Ascaphus montanus and A. truei.…”

“…The response o f tailed frog larvae to forest practices has been relatively well documented because o f the ease o f working with this life stage (Com and Bury 1991;Wallace and Diller 1998;Wahbe and Bunnell 2001). Conversely, tailed frogs inhabiting terrestrial habitats are difficult to locate because o f cryptic colouring, relatively small size, movement through or occupancy o f downed and rotten wood and nocturnal activity patterns (Metter 1967;Green and Campbell 1984).…”

“…The majority o f research and inventory studies o f the coastal tailed frog have considered the distribution and habitat requirements o f the larva (Wahbe 1996;Wallace and Diller 1998;Bury and Adams 1999;Dupuis et al 2000;Ritland et al 2000;Wahbe and Bunnell 2001).…”