Lensing Magnification Seen by Gravitational Wave Detectors

Cusin, Giulia; Durrer, Ruth; Dvorkin, Irina

doi:10.3390/universe8010019

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 74 publications

(140 reference statements)

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“…Mass dependence often arises from more detailed modeling, e.g. finite source size [35] or extended lenses producing multiple detectable images [34].…”

Section: Lensing Probabilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gravitational wave lensing beyond general relativity: Birefringence, echoes, and shadows

Ezquiaga

Zumalacárregui

2020

Phys. Rev. D

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Gravitational waves (GW), as light, are gravitationally lensed by intervening matter, deflecting their trajectories, delaying their arrival and occasionally producing multiple images. In theories beyond general relativity (GR), new gravitational degrees of freedom add an extra layer of complexity and richness to GW lensing. We develop a formalism to compute GW propagation beyond GR over general space-times, including kinetic interactions with new fields. Our framework relies on identifying the dynamical propagation eigenstates (linear combinations of the metric and additional fields) at leading order in a short-wave expansion. We determine these eigenstates and the conditions under which they acquire a different propagation speed around a lens. Differences in speed between eigenstates cause birefringence phenomena, including time delays between the metric polarizations (orthogonal superpositions of h+, h×) observable without an electromagnetic counterpart. In particular, GW echoes are produced when the accumulated delay is larger than the signal's duration, while shorter time delays produce a scrambling of the wave-form. We also describe the formation of GW shadows as non-propagating metric components are sourced by the background of the additional fields around the lens. As an example, we apply our methodology to quartic Horndeski theories with Vainshtein screening and show that birefringence effects probe a region of the parameter space complementary to the constraints from the multi-messenger event GW170817. In the future, identified strongly lensed GWs and binary black holes merging near dense environments, such as active galactic nuclei, will fulfill the potential of these novel tests of gravity. Contents

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“…Mass dependence often arises from more detailed modeling, e.g. finite source size [35] or extended lenses producing multiple detectable images [34].…”

Section: Lensing Probabilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gravitational wave lensing beyond general relativity: Birefringence, echoes, and shadows

Ezquiaga

Zumalacárregui

2020

Phys. Rev. D

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“…It is to be noted that in the limit where the cross-sections significantly overlap with each other σmultiple , when τ > 1, the probability of lensing is given by P (zs) = 1 − exp(−τ (zs))(Cusin et al 2019). …”

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confidence: 99%

Please repeat: Strong lensing of gravitational waves as a probe of compact binary and galaxy populations

Xu,

Ezquiaga,

Holz

2021

Preprint

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Strong gravitational lensing of gravitational wave sources offers a novel probe of both the lens galaxy and the binary source population. In particular, the strong lensing event rate and the time delay distribution of multiply-imaged gravitational-wave binary coalescence events can be used to constrain the mass distribution of the lenses as well as the intrinsic properties of the source population. We calculate the strong lensing event rate for a range of second (2G) and third generation (3G) detectors, including Advanced LIGO/Virgo, A+, Einstein Telescope (ET), and Cosmic Explorer (CE). For 3G detectors, we find that ∼ 0.3% of observed events will have been strongly lensed. We predict detections of ∼ 2 lensing pairs per year with A+, and ∼ 200 pairs with ET/CE. These rates are highly sensitive to the characteristic galaxy velocity dispersion, σ * , implying that observations of the rates will be a sensitive probe of lens properties. We also explore using the time delay distribution between multiplyimaged gravitational-wave sources to constrain properties of the lenses. We find that 3G detectors would constrain σ * to ∼ 12% after 5 years. Finally, we show that both the presence or absence of strong lensing provides useful insights into the source redshift and mass distribution out to redshifts beyond the peak of the star formation rate, which can be used to constrain formation channels and their relation to the star formation rate and delay time distributions for these systems.

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“…We model the number density of galaxies (lenses) as a function of redshift and of the velocity dispersion 𝜎 v . One can show that if the evolution of sources is neglected, 𝜏 reduces to (see Cusin et al 2019a)…”

Section: Lens Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lensing of gravitational waves from tidal disruption events

Toscani¹,

Rossi²,

Cusin³

2023

Preprint

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In this work, we investigate the effect of gravitational lensing on the gravitational wave (GW) signals of a population of tidal disruption events (TDEs). We estimate the number of lensed-magnified signals that we expect to detect with future space-based GW observatories, in particular LISA and DECIGO. We model the lens distribution using an hybrid approach that combines semi-analytic methods with numerical results from ray tracing simulations. We divide the TDE population in two classes, nuclear TDEs (main sequence stars tidally disrupted by massive black holes in the cores of galaxies) and globular TDEs (white dwarfs tidally disrupted by intermediate mass black holes in globular clusters). We find that, even considering the effect of lensing, LISA will not be able to observe any TDEs, while DECIGO could detect ∼10 strongly lensed (𝜇 > 2) globular TDEs and ∼130 strongly lensed nuclear TDEs, over an observational period of 10 years. Our results reveal the role that lensing will play in future deci-Hertz GW observatories, indicating exciting multi-messenger opportunities with TDEs but at same time signalling the need to develop adequate data analysis techniques to correctly reconstruct the astrophysical properties of the source.

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Lensing Magnification Seen by Gravitational Wave Detectors

Cited by 7 publications

References 74 publications

Gravitational wave lensing beyond general relativity: Birefringence, echoes, and shadows

Gravitational wave lensing beyond general relativity: Birefringence, echoes, and shadows

Please repeat: Strong lensing of gravitational waves as a probe of compact binary and galaxy populations

Lensing of gravitational waves from tidal disruption events

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