Leprosy in women: Characteristics and repercussions

Ulrich, Marian; Zulueta, Ana Maria; Càceres‐Dittmar, G.; Sampson, Celsa; Pinardi, M. E.; Rada, Elsa; Aranzazu, Nacarid

doi:10.1016/0277-9536(93)90280-h

Cited by 26 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The incidence of leprosy in females (44.5%) was lower than in males (55.5%), but the difference was not statistically significant (χ 2 = 1.17, df = 1, p = 0.2783); interestingly, a higher percentage of MB leprosy was observed in males than females (73.7% versus 59.6%) during both periods (χ 2 = 13.99, 1 df, p<0.0002). These findings reinforce the concept that immune responses against M. leprae are stronger in females than in males (Olrich et al, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

The impact of multidrug therapy on the epidemiological pattern of leprosy in Juiz de Fora, Brazil

et al. 2000

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

The impact of multidrug therapy on the epidemiological pattern of leprosy in Juiz de Fora, Brazil

et al. 2000

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“…household with nuclear family v. that with the in-laws and nuclear family). Ulrich (1993) cites the example of a study conducted in Pakistan which found that women who were less mobile showed less compliance with leprosy treatment. Yet we do not know if conditions which facilitate mobility (like the presence of an older chaperone) are associated with marital status and type of household.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuberculosis in Bombay: New Insights from Poor Urban Patients

Nair¹,

George²,

Chacko³

1997

Health Policy and Planning

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This study explores the health seeking behaviour of poor male and female tuberculosis patients in Bombay, and examines their perceptions of the causes and effects of the disease on their personal lives. Sixteen patients who attended an NGO's tuberculosis clinic were interviewed in-depth. Almost equal numbers of respondents stated 'germs' and 'worry' as the cause of tuberculosis. Men worried about loss of wages, financial difficulties, reduced capacity for work, poor job performance, and the consequences of long absence from work. Women were concerned about rejection by husband, harassment by in-laws, and the reduced chances of marriage (for single women), in addition to their concerns about dismissal from work. During the first two months of symptoms most patients either did nothing or took home remedies. When symptoms continued, private practitioners were the first source of allopathic treatment; they were generally unable to correctly diagnose the disease. Respondents shifted to municipal and NGO health services when private treatment became unaffordable. Respondents shifted again to NGO-based services because of the poor quality of municipal tuberculosis control services. The wage-earning capacity of both men and women was affected, but women feared loss of employment whereas men, being self-employed, lost wages but not employment. Married men and single women perceived a greater level of family support to initiate and complete treatment. Married women tried, often unsuccessfully, to hide their disease condition for fear of desertion, rejection or blame for bringing the disease. Women dropped out from treatment because of the pressure of housework, and the strain of keeping their condition secret particularly when the reasons for their movements outside the home were routinely questioned. Health programmes will have to be sensitive to the different needs and concerns of urban men and women with tuberculosis; in the case of women, health care providers will have to make particular efforts to identify and treat married women with tuberculosis completely.

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“…15 A study in India revealed that the incidence of deformities in males was more than twice as much as in females for grade I as well as grade II deformities (n = 2285).…”

Section: Gender Difference In Deformity Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women and leprosy: a review

A¹

1997

Leprosy Review

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Summary Gender inequalities in health have a significant impact on women's health. In leprosy gender inequalities could be even more serious, as it is a highly stigmatized disease. A review has been made of the most recent literature dealing with gender and leprosy. First some data are presented on gender inequalities in rates of case detection, deformities and reversal reactions among leprosy patients. Then the major factors contributing to those differences are discussed. The paper ends with some recommendations for further research on gender and leprosy.Women's issues in health have, until recently, received little attention from health managers, policy makers and researchers. I There are, however, many gender inequalities in health which require due attention in health planning and management. Gender refers not only to sex, but also to the wide variety of social, cultural and economical variables attributed by social structures to men and women.2 Men and women experience differential health risks stemming from their social roles and expectations. Women may have a different exposure to disease and infection, and diseases may have a different impact on women, not only in a medical sense, but also in sociocultural and economical ways. Some diseases 'affect women particularly or exclusively, such.as reproductive health problems, and cervical and br�ast cancer. Other diseases affect both men and women, but have a different impact on wome ' such as nutritional morbidity, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and pelvic infections, and some tropical diseases such as malaria, schistosomiasis and tuberculosis. 3 Information on how women are affected differently)s, however, still limited. WOIIJ.en may have less access to health services than men, they maybe treated differently to men, and diseases may manifest themselves differently in women, requiring a different treatment approach. Gender and leprosyIn some tropical diseases, such as filariasis, and leprosy, gender inequalities may play an even larger role, because of their effect on physical appearance and the social stigma associated with them.

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Leprosy in women: Characteristics and repercussions

Cited by 26 publications

References 18 publications

The impact of multidrug therapy on the epidemiological pattern of leprosy in Juiz de Fora, Brazil

The impact of multidrug therapy on the epidemiological pattern of leprosy in Juiz de Fora, Brazil

Tuberculosis in Bombay: New Insights from Poor Urban Patients

Women and leprosy: a review

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