Leptin Function and Regulation

Zhang, Yiying; Chua, Streamson C.

doi:10.1002/cphy.c160041

Cited by 209 publications

(182 citation statements)

References 254 publications

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“…Leptin is a hormone mainly secreted by adipocytes to regulate energy metabolism. The concentration of leptin increases with hyperinsulinemia in the context of obesity, and other factors, such as puberty, female sex, IL-1, TNF-α and corticosteroids also stimulate the leptin secretion [30]. Leptin is mainly cleared by the kidneys; thus, leptin levels increase due to reduced clearance and/or increased synthesis in patients with ESRD, especially when accompanied by factors such as obesity [31].…”

Section: Pathogenesis Of Orgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity-Related Glomerulopathy: A Latent Change in Obesity Requiring More Attention

Yang

Cao

Deng

et al. 2020

Kidney Blood Press Res

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Background: Obesity has become a major public health problem, and the prevalence of kidney diseases has increased in parallel. Among kidney diseases caused by metabolic disorders, obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG) is secondary to obesity. Summary: ORG is mainly caused by glomerular hyperfiltration, dysregulation of hormone and cytokine secretion in adipose tissues, and ectopic lipid accumulation in renal cells. ORG is pathologically characterized by glomerular hypertrophy, with or without focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. Patients with ORG usually present with proteinuria concomitant with metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemia and hypertension. Weight loss, RAAS inhibitors, and improved insulin resistance can reduce the progression of ORG. Conclusion: ORG is a growing renal pathological change in obese individuals, and a comprehensive understanding of the disease is pivotal to avoid its occurrence and improve quality of life for those with obesity. Key Messages: This review comprehensively describes the characteristics of ORG in pathological changes, clinical manifestations, pathogeneses and treatments.

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Section: Pathogenesis Of Orgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity-Related Glomerulopathy: A Latent Change in Obesity Requiring More Attention

Yang

Cao

Deng

et al. 2020

Kidney Blood Press Res

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“…The sugar intake leads to an increase in the insulin levels, hormone responsible by the glucose absorption by tissues [31]. Hyperinsulinemia stimulates and increase the leptin secretion by the adipose tissue through PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway [32], leading to a decrease in the appetite and an increase in the energy expenditure [33]. In agreement with this finding, the groups presented the same caloric intake; however, the HSF group showed lower chow intake, dietary efficiency, and body weight with no increased adiposity index, confirming the leptin effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Sugar-Fat Diet Induces Metabolic-Inflammatory Disorders Independent of Obesity Development

Garcia¹,

Francisqueti²,

Ferraz³

et al. 2019

FNS

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Background: The modern dietary habit, which is rich in refined carbohydrates and saturated fats, increases the risk of chronic diseases due to the proinflammatory effect of these nutrients. Aim: To evaluate the impact of high sugar-fat diet in the development of metabolic-inflammatory disorders in non-obese animals. Methods: Male Wistar rats were distributed into two groups according to the diet: control and high sugar-fat for 30 weeks. It was analyzed: dietary efficiency; chow, water and caloric intake; metabolic and hormonal profile in plasma and inflammatory cytokines in epididymal adipose tissue. Data were compared by Student's t test or by Mann-Whitney U test with p < 0.05 as significant. Results: HSF presented lower chow intake, higher water consumption and dietary efficiency with no difference in the caloric intake. The final body weight (FBW) and weight gain (WG) were lower in the HSF group and there was no difference in the adiposity index (AI). HSF diet-induced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia with no difference for Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Triglycerides, uric acid, adiponectin and leptin levels were higher in the HSF group. The HSF group showed increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumoral necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in epidydimal adipose tissue. The urinary protein-creatinine ratio and albuminuria were higher in the HSF group. Conclusion: HSF diet intake is directly involved in the development of metabolic-inflammatory disorders independent of obesity, dissociating the view that increased adiposity is the major risk factor for complications commonly found in obese individuals.

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“…It is known that leptin levels are tightly related to the metabolic state of adipose tissue [52], which means that an increased need for lipid storage produces adipocyte hypertrophy and these, in turn, secrete leptin to induce lipolysis for the regress of metabolic stress [59,60]. Additionally, its satiety function in the hypothalamus is attenuated, because of the incorrect ability of leptin to suppress appetite, named leptin resistance, promoting energy intake by the subject [61].…”

Section: Alliin Showed a Relevant Anti-inflammatory Potential In The mentioning

confidence: 99%

Alliin, An Allium sativum Nutraceutical, Reduces Metaflammation Markers in DIO Mice

et al. 2020

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Obesity generates a chronic low-grade inflammatory state which promotes oxidative stress and triggers comorbidities. Alliin is the main organosulfur compound in garlic and has been shown to induce a decrease in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines; its systemic effect on metabolic parameters and adipose tissue is not yet known, however. After nine weeks of HFD and with obesity established in C57BL/6 mice, we observed that a daily treatment with alliin for 3.5 weeks (15 mg/kg) did not affect body weight, but significantly improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, both evaluated through a blood glucose monitoring system. Once alliin treatment was completed, serum, adipose tissue, and organs of interest related to metabolism were removed for further analysis. We observed that alliin significantly decreased the size of adipocytes from epididymal adipose tissue, evaluated via microscopy. A decrease in gene expression and serum protein levels of the adipocytokines leptin and resistin, as well as decreased serum IL-6 concentration, were detected by qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. It did not, however, affect mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes in the liver. Taken altogether, these results indicate that treatment with alliin reduces metaflammation markers in DIO mice and improves some metabolic parameters without affecting others.

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Leptin Function and Regulation

Cited by 209 publications

References 254 publications

Obesity-Related Glomerulopathy: A Latent Change in Obesity Requiring More Attention

Obesity-Related Glomerulopathy: A Latent Change in Obesity Requiring More Attention

High Sugar-Fat Diet Induces Metabolic-Inflammatory Disorders Independent of Obesity Development

Alliin, An Allium sativum Nutraceutical, Reduces Metaflammation Markers in DIO Mice

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