Leptospira and Leptospirosis

Faine, S.

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8

Cited by 152 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 317 publications

(465 reference statements)

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“…Keberadaan leptospira di alam dipertahankan di dalam ginjal hewan reservoir dan ditularkan melalui kontak secara langsung maupun tidak langsung dari urin hewan terinfeksi leptospira. Tikus dan hampir semua mamalia dapat bertindak sebagai inang leptospira, sedangkan manusia merupakan "dead-end host" (Felzemburgh et al 2014;Levett 2015;Mwachui et al 2015), artinya di dalam tubuh manusia Leptospira sudah tidak dapat melanjutkan siklus hidupnya. Kondisi sanitasi buruk di daerah-daerah perkotaan rawan terkontaminasi bakteri leptospira dari tikus (Mwachui et al 2015;Felzemburgh et al 2014).…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

“…Tiga poin penting sumber penularan leptospirosis adalah air atau lingkungan yang terkontaminasi bakteri, penularan melalui urin tikus dan keberadaan hewan ternak sebagai reservoir. Tikus diduga kuat merupakan penular leptospirosis terbanyak pada manusia (Levett 2015). Bakteri leptospira telah berhasil diisolasi dari berbagai jenis tikus antara lain Rattus tiomanicus merupakan reservoir untuk serovar icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, ballum, pyrogenes dan hebdomadis di Malaysia dan Filipina (Hassan et al 2012;Villanueva 2017) dan Rattus norvegicus ditemukan positif terhadap serovar autumnalis, javanica, icterohaemorrhagiae dan Pomona (Faria et al 2008), juga serovar copenhageni (Vedhagiri et al 2010).…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

“…Tikus merupakan reservoir utama yang terbukti dapat membawa bakteri leptospira secara persisten di dalam ginjal (Levett 2015). Sekali tubuh tikus terinfeksi, leptospira infektif akan terus dikeluarkan bersama urine tikus selama hidupnya (Costa, Wunder, et al 2015).…”

Section: Pembahasanunclassified

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Identifikasi Hewan Reservoir Leptospirosis Di Daerah Peningkatan Kasus Leptospirosis Di Desa Pagedangan Ilir, Kecamatan Kronjo, Kabupaten Tangerang Tahun 2015

Joharina

Putro

Ardanto

et al. 2018

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In Indonesia, leptospirosis often causes outbreaks. Three important sources of transmission of leptospirosis are the environment contaminated with leptospira, the presence of rats and presence of livestock as reservoirs. This study aims to determine the reservoir that plays a role in the leptospirosis transmission in increased case areas of leptospirosis in the Pagedangan Ilir Village, Kronjo Sub-district, Tangerang. Rat traping was done twice. Each trapping was done two times, in consecutive days. Livestock sampling was also conducted in the study area. Rat and livestock serum specimens were collected for leptospirosis detection using MAT, while rat kidneys were collected for PCR test. Leptospirosis detection was performed by PCR and MAT. The results of the first and second rat traping showed relative density of 17% and 20% in the houses, as well as 14% and 10% in outdoor area. Rat traped consist of two species, Rattus norvegicus and Rattus tanezumi. The prevalence of pathogenic leptospira in rat (with PCR assay) was 33% in the first trap and 26% in the second trap. The MAT test showed a positive 14% on R. norvegicus in the first trap, but negative in the second trap. While livestock did not show PCR positive, but one serological positive sample (by MAT) with low titers (1:20) was found against the serovar Robinsoni

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Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

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Identifikasi Hewan Reservoir Leptospirosis Di Daerah Peningkatan Kasus Leptospirosis Di Desa Pagedangan Ilir, Kecamatan Kronjo, Kabupaten Tangerang Tahun 2015

Joharina

Putro

Ardanto

et al. 2018

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“…Bakteri ini memperbanyak diri di tubuh inang reservoir dimana sebagian besar adalah hewan mamalia1 dan dikeluarkan bersama sekresi urine. 1,2 Air yang tercemar oleh urine hewan reservoir menjadi media penularan bakteri leptospira patogen. Leptospira menginfeksi manusia atau hewan lain dengan infiltrasi melalui luka terbuka atau selaput lendir.…”

Section: Leptospirosisunclassified

“…Tingkat keparahan yang ditimbulkan oleh Leptospira patogenik sangat bervariasi mulai dari asimtomatik sampai menyebabkan kegagalan organ dan komplikasi yang mengakibatkan kematian jika terlambat diobati. 1 Penularan leptospirosis ditentukan oleh keberadaan agent bakteri leptospira patogen, adanya inang reservoir, juga dipengaruhi oleh kondisi lingkungan yang mendukung perkembangan bakteri leptospira maupun reservoir, serta perilaku manusia. 3,4 Tikus bertindak sebagai reservoir utama bakteri Leptospira spp.…”

Section: Leptospirosisunclassified

Peran Tikus Sebagai Reservoir Leptospira di Tiga Ekosistem di Kabupaten Bantul, Yogyakarta

Joharina¹,

Pujiyanti²,

Nugroho³

et al. 2019

bpk

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Bantul is one of leptospirosis endemic areas which has been reported the cases every year and the presence of rats is an important risk factor relating to leptospirosis incidence in Bantul. Therefore, the role of rats as reservoir was examined in three types of ecosystems: forest, non-forest, and coastal ecosystems. Rat trapping was carried out using 100 single livetraps which were distributed in 9 locations: 2 points in the forest, 5 points in the non-forest, and 2 points in the coastal ecosystem. The rats were identified and their kidneys were collected and preserved in 70% alcohol medium. Leptospira were detected in the kidney by using PCR method. A number of 196 rats were obtained during the study. Most of them were commensal rats obtained from settlements ecosystems. Rattus tanezumi was the dominant species in the three ecosystems, but the highest infection rate of leptospira pathogen was in R.norvegicus. Coastal ecosystems were contained more infected rats, where the main habitat were mangrove forests. Based on these results, rats have great potency in leptospirosis transmission in Bantul, especially in settlements and coastal areas although leptospirosis cases were reported rarely in study area. Nonetheless, awareness of transmission should be disseminated since the presence of pathogenic leptospira in rats is very high. Keywords: leptospirosis, rat, reservoir, ecosystem, Bantul Abstrak Kabupaten Bantul merupakan salah satu daerah endemis leptospirosis yang sejak lama melaporkan kasus ini setiap tahunnya dan keberadaan tikus merupakan faktor risiko penting yang mempengaruhi kejadian leptospirosis di Kabupaten Bantul. Oleh karena itu peranan tikus sebagai hewan reservoir diteliti di tiga jenis ekosistem yaitu ekosistem hutan, non-hutan, dan pesisir. Penangkapan tikus dilakukan menggunakan perangkap tunggal sebanyak 100 buah yang disebar di 9 titik lokasi, meliputi dua titik di ekosistem hutan, lima titik di ekosistem non-hutan, dan dua titik di ekosistem pesisir. Tikus tertangkap diidentifikasi kemudian organ ginjalnya dikoleksi dan diawetkan dalam medium alkohol 70%. Bakteri leptospira dideteksi pada specimen ginjal dengan metode PCR dari total 196 tikus diperoleh selama penelitian. Sebagian besar tikus diperoleh dari ekosistem dekat pemukiman dan semuanya merupakan tikus komensal. Rattus tanezumi merupakan spesies dominan di ketiga ekosistem, namun persentase infeksi leptospira patogen paling tinggi terdapat pada R. norvegicus. Ekosistem pesisir mengandung tikus terinfeksi leptospira patogenik paling tinggi, dengan habitat utama hutan mangrove. Berdasarkan hasil ini maka tikus berpotensi besar menularkan leptospirosis di Kabupaten Bantul, terutama di daerah pemukiman dan pesisir. Meskipun kasus leptospirosis di daerah penelitian sedikit sekali dilaporkan, namun kewaspadaan terhadap penularan perlu dilakukan sedini mungkin karena leptospira patogenik yang terkandung dalam tikus tergolong tinggi. Kata kunci: leptospirosis, tikus, reservoir, ekosistem, Bantul

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L eptospira

Picardeau¹

2017

Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria

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Lep.to.spi'ra. Gr. adj. leptos thin, narrow, fine; L. fem. n. spira a coil, helix; N.L. fem. n. Leptospira a thin helix or coil, referring to the morphology of the bacterium. Spirochaetes / Spirochaetia / Spirochaetales / Leptospiraceae / Leptospira Leptospira are long, thin, flexible rods, 0 . 1 μ m in diameter and 6–12 μ m in length , with a regular right‐handed helical coiling pattern (Carleton et al., 1979). These bacteria are unicellular but may be observed as dividing pairs or short chains of three or more cells in actively growing cultures. Resting stages are not known, but long‐term survival in water with the appearance of aggregates has been described (Trueba et al., 2004). Spherically shaped cells form under unfavorable growth conditions. The envelope structure is similar to Gram‐negative bacteria, but due to the small diameter of these bacteria, they are not visible by bright‐field microscopy when Gram stained. Dark‐field or phase‐contrast microscopy is required for visualization of unstained cells. These are highly motile aerobic or microaerophilic bacteria. Optimum growth temperature is 28–30°C, with a generation time of 6–16 h, although many primary pathogenic isolates may grow slower . Chemoorganotrophic bacteria that consume long‐chain fatty acids and alcohols as primary carbon and energy sources, and carry out respiration with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Optimal growth occurs in semisolid (0.1–0.2%) agar media. Growth on 1–2% solid agar results in the formation of clear to turbid surface or subsurface colonies. Colony formation is enhanced by the addition of pyruvate. Oxidase, catalase, and/or peroxidase‐positive. Some strains are β‐hemolytic. Some strains are pathogenic for humans and animals, while other strains are saprophytic and found in freshwater and marine environments. The genus Leptospira forms a deep unique branch of spirochetes, separate from other genera based on comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences . Species are differentiated by DNA–DNA relative reassociation analysis, in silico genome‐to‐genome comparison, and by unique sequence polymorphisms in 16S rRNA. DNA G + C content (mol%) : 35–46. Type species : Leptospira interrogans (Stimson 1907) Wenyon 1926, 1281 AL emend. Faine and Stallman 1982, 462 ( Spirochaeta interrogans Stimson 1907, 541).

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Leptospira and Leptospirosis

Cited by 152 publications

References 317 publications

Identifikasi Hewan Reservoir Leptospirosis Di Daerah Peningkatan Kasus Leptospirosis Di Desa Pagedangan Ilir, Kecamatan Kronjo, Kabupaten Tangerang Tahun 2015

Identifikasi Hewan Reservoir Leptospirosis Di Daerah Peningkatan Kasus Leptospirosis Di Desa Pagedangan Ilir, Kecamatan Kronjo, Kabupaten Tangerang Tahun 2015

Peran Tikus Sebagai Reservoir Leptospira di Tiga Ekosistem di Kabupaten Bantul, Yogyakarta

L eptospira

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