Leptospira Infection in African Green Monkeys in an Endemic Area: An Opportunity for Comparative Studies in a Natural Environment

Rajeev, Sreekumari; Bolfă, Pompei; Shiokawa, Kanae; Beierschmitt, Amy; Palmour, Roberta M.

doi:10.3390/pathogens9060474

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Most of the African green monkeys (n = 26) had only minimal to mild interstitial nephritis and a few (n = 3) had moderate to severe lesions. The presence of interstitial nephritis was not significantly associated with Leptospira exposure [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Leptospira Infections in Domestic and Wild Animals

2020

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Leptospirosis is a worldwide-distributed, re-emerging zoonosis due to the large variety of wild and domestic animal species that can play the role of natural or accidental host. Currently, specific animal species play an important role as the reservoir for particular Leptospira serovars, although recent investigations have highlighted new host–pathogen interactions involved in Leptospira epidemiology. Furthermore, the constant modification of ecosystems and wildlife habitats and the constantly increasing number of animal species moving towards urban or peri-urban areas are increasing the possibility of direct or indirect contacts between wildlife and domestic animals; furthermore, the constant modification of animal leptospirosis also causes problems for human health. The studies published in this Special Issue have evidenced and confirmed the hidden role of a large variety of animal species, domestic and wild, in the leptospirosis epidemiology. They highlighted the necessity for continuous monitoring and large-scale surveillance studies to better understand this neglected and re-emerging zoonosis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Leptospira Infections in Domestic and Wild Animals

2020

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“…Some serogroups, such as Icterohaemorrhagiae, are considered to be universal (Laguna Torres, 2000) and have been reported in some neotropical primates (Table S2; Almeida et al., 2016; Girio et al., 2021; Romero et al., 2011). The Autumnalis serogroup has been found in studies of neotropical primates and captive Old World primates in the Neotropics ( Papio hamadryas and Chlorocebus aethiops ; Table S2; Almeida et al., 2016; Girio et al., 2021; Rajeev et al., 2020; Romero et al., 2011). To date, between 1 and 10 serogroups have been identified among neotropical primate genera including Alouatta , Saguinus , Ateles and Cebus (Table S2; Almeida et al., 2016; de Albuquerque et al., 2017; Girio et al., 2021; Gonzalez‐Astudillo et al., 2015; Rajeev et al., ,2017, 2020; Romero et al., 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The Autumnalis serogroup has been found in studies of neotropical primates and captive Old World primates in the Neotropics (Papio hamadryas and Chlorocebus aethiops; Table S2; Almeida et al, 2016;Girio et al, 2021;Rajeev et al, 2020;Romero et al, 2011). To date, between 1 and 10 serogroups have been identified among neotropical primate genera including Alouatta, Saguinus, Ateles and Cebus (Table S2; Almeida et al, 2016;de Albuquerque et al, 2017;Girio et al, 2021;Gonzalez-Astudillo et al, 2015;Rajeev et al, ,2017Rajeev et al, , , 2020Romero et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First detection of antibodies againstLeptospiraamong free‐ranging neotropical non‐human primates in the Peruvian Amazon lowland rainforest

Aliaga-Samanez

Lescano

Urday

et al. 2021

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease with multiple serogroups that infects wildlife and humans alike. Several studies have detected the presence of leptospiral antibodies in captive Neotropical primates, suggesting that they are asymptomatic carriers. However, the presence of antibodies in free‐ranging primates and their potential role as reservoirs for this pathogen is not known. In this study, we used the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) to screen two species of free‐ranging tamarins for the presence of Leptospira antibodies using a panel of 21 serogroups. A total of 56 primates (26 Leontocebus weddelli and 30 Saguinus imperator) were screened at the Estación Biológica Río Los Amigos in Madre de Dios, Peru. MAT results with titres of ≥100 in single samples were considered seropositive. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated for age group, sex and host species identity. Overall, 51.8% (29/56) of animals were reactive for at least one Leptospira serogroup. Serogroups were distributed as follows: Iquitos (41.1%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (14.3%), Sejroe (3.6%), Autumnalis (1.8%) and Bataviae (1.8%). No significant differences (p > .05) were found for seropositivity frequencies among categories within assessed variables. These results suggest that free‐ranging L. weddelli and S. imperator might serve as reservoirs for pathogenic Leptospira serogroups. Given increasing human‐wildlife contact, future studies that test for active infection are required to determine potential transmission risks to humans.

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“…In rescue monkeys in a wildlife rehabilitation center in Colombia, the attack and motility rates of leptospirosis were approximately 27% and 71%, respectively, and L. interrogans sequence type 17 from rats was identified as the source of infection [ 34 ]. In African green monkeys, 48% were positive for Leptospira antibodies by MAT and 4% by DNA detection in kidney samples [ 27 ]. Moreover, seroprevalence is higher than that in humans (23.7%), buffaloes (24.8%), cattle (28.1%), and pigs (11.3%) [ 5 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural infection of leptospirosis and melioidosis in long-tailed macaques (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>) in Thailand

et al. 2022

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This study aimed to determine the incidence of leptospirosis and melioidosis in long-tailed macaques ( Macaca fascicularis ) in Thailand. Serum samples from 223 monkeys were subjected to the Lepto Latex Test and indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test to detect antibodies against Leptospira spp. and Burkholderia pseudomallei . The microagglutination test (MAT) was used to identify serovars of Leptospira spp. Conventional PCR for the LipL32 gene of L. interogans and the BPSS0120 and btfc-orf18 genes of B. pseudomallei was used for molecular detection. The overall seroprevalence of leptospirosis and melioidosis was 2.69% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99–5.76%) and 14.35% (95% CI: 10.03–19.65%), respectively. Six samples that showed positive MAT results were also positive for IHA. The serovars of Leptospira were Ranarum (5/6), Shermani (6/6), and both (5/6). Conventional PCR for the LipL32 gene of Leptospira spp. was positive in 10.31% of the samples (95% CI: 5.56–13.51%). However, there were no positive results for BPSS0120 and btfc-orf18 in B. pseudomallei . Active infection was detected only for leptospirosis; however, it can be assumed that pathogen exposure occurred in this group of animals because immunity could be detected. The routes of infection and elimination pathways of both bacteria remain unclear, and the mechanism of protection in non-human primates needs to be elucidated in further studies. Moreover, this health issue should be considered to prevent human infections in monkeys and their environment.

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Leptospira Infection in African Green Monkeys in an Endemic Area: An Opportunity for Comparative Studies in a Natural Environment

Cited by 10 publications

References 25 publications

Leptospira Infections in Domestic and Wild Animals

Leptospira Infections in Domestic and Wild Animals

First detection of antibodies againstLeptospiraamong free‐ranging neotropical non‐human primates in the Peruvian Amazon lowland rainforest

Natural infection of leptospirosis and melioidosis in long-tailed macaques (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>) in Thailand

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