Leptospirosis-Induced Septic Shock and Multi-Organ Dysfunction Syndrome: A Complex Case of Zoonotic Infection in a Young Female Patient

Abstract

Leptospirosis, a zoonotic infection caused by the Leptospira bacteria, can manifest with varying clinical severities, ranging from subclinical disease to severe multiorgan failure. This progression to severe multiorgan failure, also known as multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), is a life-threatening condition characterized by the dysfunction of two or more organ systems. Often, MODS is a consequence of events triggered by underlying pathologies, such as severe infections, including those caused by Leptospira . Here, we present a case report of a 29-year-old female patient who initially sought care for increased temperature, fatigue, diarrhea, and vomiting. The patient exhibited signs of septic shock (SS). Her medical history raised suspicion of multiple potential sources of infection. She experienced cat scratch several days before admission, accompanied by an enlarged inguinal lymph node and a history of frequent interaction with animals, as well as freshwater exposure, which prompted investigations into various zoonotic infections. Empiric treatment was started, and, subsequently, after several days, Leptospira titer came back positive. Over the hospitalization course, the patient developed multi-organ failure, which was attributed to the underlying Leptospira infection. The complexity and severity of the patient's condition underscore the far-reaching impact of leptospirosis in precipitating a spectrum of systemic complications culminating in multiorgan failure. The treatment interventions yielded successful outcome, and the patient recovered in one month. This case report highlights the difficulties in diagnosing and treating patients with multiple possible sources of infection. it emphasizes the need for a careful history-taking and high level of suspicion for zoonotic infections in patients with a history of animal exposure and clinical symptoms suggestive of infectious diseases.