Leptospirosis: Long-Term Surveillance on an Illinois Farm1

Schnurrenberger, Paul R.; Hanson, L. E.; Martin, Russell J.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121202

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…L. interrogans, L. kirschneri and L. borgpetersenii were identified in raccoons in Indiana. Such findings were similar to previous findings that raccoons act as maintaining host for these leptopsiral species in North America (Galton 1959;Alexander 1960;Carbrey et al 1963;Martin et al 1967;Schnurrenberger et al 1970;Falk 1985;Vinetz et al 2005). The raccoons in the present study were trapped around the agricultural and livestock area, suggesting that there may be a high prevalence of leptospirosis in central Indiana animal population.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Recent work has also demonstrated that there is much higher raccoon populations in urban than rural area (Espinoza 2005). More than 40 years ago, raccoons were found to carry leptospires in their kidney (Schnurrenberger et al 1970), and antibodies against leptospires have been detected in the serum of raccoons in United States and Canada (Schnurrenberger et al 1970;Mikaelian et al 1997;Mitchell et al 1999;Warshawsky et al 2000;Jardine et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neglected leptospirosis in raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Indiana, USA

Tan

Dharmarajan

Beasley

et al. 2014

Veterinary Quarterly

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Background: Leptospirosis is a globally important zoonotic disease occurring clinically and subclinically in humans and animals. Objectives: To determine whether raccoons in Indiana carried leptospires in their kidneys. Animals and methods: Thirty-four raccoons were live-trapped from two forest patches in central Indiana. Following euthanasia, a portion of kidney (2 cm 2 ) from each raccoon was homogenized and used for leptospiral culture. Leptospiral cultures were subjected to DNA extraction and various polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedures reported previously. Serum sample from each raccoon was collected and antibody titers to leptospiral serovars were determined by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Results: All leptospiral cultures were positive for Leptospira by various PCR procedures. The PCR with the primers targeting the conservative region of LipL32 gene was the most sensitive PCR in the detection of pathogenic leptospires. The variable LipL32 PCR amplicons were sequenced and compared to the reference strains available in GenBank. Twelve kidney cultures had Leptospira interrogans, eight had Leptospira kirschneri and two had Leptospira borgpetersenii. They were predominantly Grippotyphosa serogroup. Antileptospire antibodies were detected in 16 out of 34 raccoons (47.1%) by MAT. There were titers ! 1:80 in 16 raccoons (47.1%) and titers ! 1:400 in 3 raccoons (8.8%). The highest leptospiral serovar-specific seroreactivity among 34 raccoons was L. interrogans Bratislava (38.2%) and L. interrogans Grippotyphosa (32.4%). Conclusions: Raccoons in Indiana carry leptospiral organisms in kidneys and the leptospires are predominantly L. interrogans species and of the Grippotyphosa serogroup. Clinical importance: The raccoons serve as reservoir hosts that exposure sources to wildlife, livestock, pets and humans.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neglected leptospirosis in raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Indiana, USA

Tan

Dharmarajan

Beasley

et al. 2014

Veterinary Quarterly

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“…Leptospirosis in humans is transmitted by direct contact with infected animals or by exposure to water or soil contaminated by urine from infected animals [3]. Raccoons have been known to harbor leptospires in their kidneys in the United States [17]. The present study demonstrated that raccoons also act as reservoir animals of leptospires in Japan.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…North American raccoons (Procyon lotor) have been shown to carry leptospires in their kidneys in the United State [17] and serum antibodies against leptospires have been detected in raccoons in the United States and Canada [13,14,17,19]. It has been reported that trappers of raccoons contracted leptospirosis in Canada [19].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Characterization of Leptospira spp. from Raccoons in Japan

et al. 2009

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ABSTRACT. We investigated whether raccoons (Procyon lotor) carried leptospires in their kidneys in Japan. Leptospira was isolated from 2 of 71 raccoons captured in Kanagawa Prefecture and 1 of 53 raccoons at a zoological park in Nagasaki Prefecture. Anti-Leptospira antibodies were detected in 16 of 124 raccoons (12.9%) in Kanagawa and 33 of 53 raccoons (62.3%) in Nagasaki, respectively. The partial nucleotide sequences of their flaB genes suggested that the isolates belonged to L. interrogans. The serovars of the isolates were identified as Copenhageni/Icterohaemorrhagiae (1 strain in Kanagawa) and Hebdomadis (1 strain both in Kanagawa and Nagasaki) by reactivity with the reference antisera and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and cross-agglutination-absorption test, respectively. RFLP analysis on the serovars Hebdomadis strains revealed genetic diversity among serovar Hebdomadis. Although it is unclear if the raccoons carried leptospires in their kidneys at the time imported, there is no doubt that imported animals are a new reservoir animal of leptospires in Japan.

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“…Other observations supporting this hypothesis are that leptospires of the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup, when present, seem to be maintained preferentially, and surveys in other countries where brown rats share habitats with other rodents with endemic Ballum serogroup infection have shown that they are only rarely infected (Brown & Gorman, 1960;Clark, 1961;Schnurrenberger, Hanson & Martin, 1970). The source of Ballum serogroup leptospires for high density populations of brown rats is speculative but may be from house mice (Mus musculus) which are common carriers of these organisms in New Zealand (Hathaway, 1978).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Ecological aspects of the epidemiology of infection with leptospires of the Ballum serogroup in the black rat (Rattus rattus) and the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) in New Zealand

Hathaway

Blackmore

1981

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYEpidemiological aspects of infection with leptospires of the Ballum serogroup in black rats (Rattus rattus) and brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are described. Rats inhabiting a variety of habitats were investigated and isolates identified as belonging to the Ballum serogroup were obtained from 21 of 61 black rats (34 %) and 63 of 243 brown rats (26 %). The high level of endemic Ballum serogroup infection in these species reported here has not been described in other countries.A statistical relationship was shown between the prevalence of infection in brown rat populations and population density but this was not evident for black rats. Epidemiological data indicates that the black rat is a maintenance host for leptospires ofthe Ballum serogroup in New Zealand. The brown rat does not appear to be an efficient maintenance host for these leptospires, however endemic infection can be maintained in high-density populations inhabiting synanthropic foci.

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Leptospirosis: Long-Term Surveillance on an Illinois Farm1

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

Neglected leptospirosis in raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Indiana, USA

Neglected leptospirosis in raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Indiana, USA

Isolation and Characterization of Leptospira spp. from Raccoons in Japan

Ecological aspects of the epidemiology of infection with leptospires of the Ballum serogroup in the black rat (Rattus rattus) and the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) in New Zealand

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